These are the people likely to have a job that does not have good health insurance. Therefore, this vacancy should not be filled until we have a new president," McConnell said at the time. [86], On February 13, 2016, Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia died. While supportive of many of Trump's domestic and foreign policies, McConnell was critical of Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election, and despite voting to acquit on Trump's second impeachment trial on reasons related to the constitutionality of impeaching a former president, deemed him "practically and morally responsible" for the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Biden has described McConnell as "a friend, colleague and 'man of his word.'" She was very smart, and ended up being one of the first women to graduate from the University of Kentucky Medical School. [101], McConnell also said that Trump remains subject to the country's criminal and civil laws, stating, "He didn't get away with anything yet." When I was stationed all around the world, living in tents or air stations, it was going to Mass that connected me to home. I mean, Kentucky is hurting right now. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main Sadness for our country. "If you cant beat him, ignore him. [118], In an August 2016 speech in Kentucky, McConnell made reference to the Garland nomination, saying that "one of my proudest moments was when I looked Barack Obama in the eye and I said, 'Mr. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The next day Congress convened to certify Bidens victory, and McConnellwho remained majority leader, awaiting the swearing in of the new senators from Georgiagave an impassioned speech against overturning the results, stating that to do so would send the countrys democracy into a death spiral. Shortly thereafter the proceedings were halted as Trump supporters stormed the Capitol. WebMcConnell spoke briefly about his faith, telling the crowd of about 100 people that he was baptized at age 8 and that he still has the saddlebags his great-grandfather used as a Although some criticized his partys use of the filibuster, he argued that Democrats refused to negotiate. "[79] On January 6, during the Electoral College vote count, McConnell spoke out against the efforts of Trump and his allies to overturn the election: Trump claims the election was stolen. The McConnell Rule on the Supreme Court in 2016 is "Let the people decide," then he changes it in 2020. As Senate Majority Leader, he led the passing of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act in 2018. Under McConnell the Senate approved numerous other Trump judicial nominees, including two other Supreme Court justices, Brett Kavanaugh (2018) and Amy Coney Barrett (2020). [225][230], Host Jon Stewart repeatedly mocked McConnell on The Daily Show for his resemblance to a turtle or tortoise. [24] He then went to work for a Louisville law firm, Segal, Isenberg, Sales and Stewart, for a few years. ], Select any of the newsletters below, then enter your email address and click "subscribe", Stories of climate, crisis, faith and action, Mission and ministry of Catholic women religious around the world, Help us deliver independent, lay-led Catholic journalism, Pope's cathedral 'regrets' Anglican ceremony on main altar, Catholic mothers, scholars urge US bishops to listen to women on abortion, Cardinal Tobin calls for unity, not just inclusion, in synod process. Last week, President Joe Biden and a bipartisan delegation of Senators announced an infrastructure deal, and Biden went on to say that his signature on that deal would be linked to an additional, Democrats-only "human infrastructure" bill. This is a man who was born in Indiana. Clive Crook. McConnell worked to withhold Republican support for major presidential initiatives during the Obama administration, having made frequent use of the filibuster, and blocked many of President Obama's judicial nominees, including Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland. 'When I was stationed all around the world, living in tents or air stations, it was going to Mass that connected me to home. [106] On July 17, McConnell announced that he would vote against Sotomayor's confirmation. What follows is a lightly edited Q&A with McGrath about her faith, her Senate race and her concerns about the country. He does it all the time, and is doing it right now with the racial protests around the country. [20][22][23], From 1968 to 1970, McConnell worked as chief legislative assistant to Senator Marlow Cook in Washington, D.C., managing a legislative department consisting of five members as well as assisting with speech writing and constituent services. Maybe bipartisanship on the Hill has a prayer. That's where I think we should go. McConnell called for Democrats to support a Trump administration-backed measure that included $5.7billion in wall funding, together with a temporary extension of protections for DACA recipients, a Democratic priority. [Melinda Henneberger is a columnist and editorial writer for the Kansas City Star and writes a monthly column for USA Today. He doesn't want to talk about any of this, so he has to make things up. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Trump threatened a shutdown two days later", "Senate approves sweeping bill on defense, domestic spending", "McConnell knocks Dems for rejecting Trump's 'reasonable request' on border", "McConnell suggests shutdown could last for weeks", "McConnell keeps his head down as government shutdown drags on", "Senate Democrats pushed a vote to reopen the government. [24], In 1971, McConnell returned to Louisville, where he worked for Tom Emberton's candidacy for Governor of Kentucky, which was unsuccessful. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) speaks during the Republican Senate Caucus press conference on January 7, 2019. What do Kentucky voters ask you about abortion? [136] In September 2020, following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, he announced the Senate would vote on Trump's nominated replacement. In July 2016, after Trump had criticized the parents of Capt. [28] [29], In 1977, McConnell was elected the Jefferson County judge/executive, the top political office in Jefferson County, Kentucky, at the time, defeating incumbent Democrat Todd Hollenbach, III, 53% to 47%. In 2007, however, as the newly elected Senate minority leader, McConnell opposed Democratic calls to set in place a timetable for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (see Iraq War), arguing that it was not within the power of Congress to make such a judgment. [108], In May 2010, after President Obama nominated Elena Kagan to succeed the retiring John Paul Stevens, McConnell said during a Senate speech that Americans wanted to make sure Kagan would be independent of influence from White House as an associate justice and noted Obama's referring to Kagan as a friend of his in announcing her nomination. McConnell invoked the "nuclear option" to eliminate the 60-vote requirement to end a filibuster for Supreme Court nominations, after his predecessor Harry Reid had previously eliminated the filibuster for all other presidential nominations; Trump subsequently won confirmation battles on Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett for the Supreme Court. I don't believe the job of government is to legislate Catholic doctrine for everyone to follow. Six nonvoting delegates who represent U.S. territories and the District of Columbia are not counted in this analysis, but they are included in this sortable table. [160] In negotiations between congressional Democrats and White House officials for an additional aid package, McConnell was absent from the talks. Paul Cantanese, McClatchy reporter. [223], In March 2023, McConnell was hospitalized after a fall, and was treated for a concussion. [185] McConnell was the only Republican Senate challenger to win that year, despite Ronald Reagan's landslide victory in the presidential election. [164] Democrats panned the bill as "completely inadequate" given the scope of the crisis brought on by the COVID-19[165] and as a partisan maneuver to help Republican senators up for reelection. McConnell also directed Senate Republicans in negotiations for two other COVID-19 response packages: the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020, and the CARES Act. [149][150], The shutdown ended on January 25, when President Trump signed a three-week funding measure reopening the government until February 15 without any funds for a border wall. Wait, did that not work out because they met? The vote was a bipartisan majority (5743) but not enough to pass the two-thirds threshold. His comments were met with sharp criticism from various state and local officials. He has said his time with Cooper inspired him to run for the Senate later in life. [144], During this shutdown, McConnell blocked the Senate from voting on appropriations legislation, and said it was not his place to mediate between the Senate and Trump. They knew each other in high school, but they were just friends. McConnell was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984, becoming the first Republican since 1968 to win a statewide election in Kentucky. The Catholic Church's gender ideology is complementarian and binary. [But] the Supreme Court isn't just about one issue. Biden will be the second Catholic to become US president. Clearly that mandatory sentence cannot be applied to somebody who has left office. [60][61] Political scientists noted that "by slowing action even on measures supported by many Republicans, McConnell capitalized on the scarcity of floor time, forcing Democratic leaders into difficult trade-offs concerning which measures were worth pursuing. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. [148] Privately, other Republican senators pressured McConnell to stop blocking appropriations legislation. He left, which was good And my mother had also considered the convent. Click on the label at the top of each column to sort that column alphabetically. It is not every day I get to issue a public thank you to Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, but it appears he may be doing for the Democrats what they have been unable to do for themselves: get them to embrace wildly popular economic policies and set aside highly controversial and far less popular social policies. in political science in 1964 with honors. Furthermore, as a result of his unpopularity with Trump and the more populist base, McConnell has had historically low approval for a senator when looking at the electorate as a whole, as a 2012 poll and a 2016 poll each found that McConnell had the lowest home-state approval rating of any sitting senator. [17][24], In his early years as a politician in Kentucky, McConnell was known as a pragmatist and a moderate Republican. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell seems to care more about negotiating economic deals with Russian-linked companies than putting forth meaningful gun reform. [88], On December 17, 2019, McConnell rejected a request to call four witnesses for Trump's impeachment trial because, according to McConnell, the Senate's role was to "act as judge and jury", not to investigate. [59], In January 2017, Republican president Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to fill the Supreme Court vacancy left after Scalia's death. It's not just one issue. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. My prayer is that this race makes a difference for our country. As you would expect, voters who are conservative on both social and economic issues constitute the base of the GOP, and voters who are liberal on both social and economic issues constitute the Democratic Party base. They might think that it's wrong, but many, many Kentuckians do not believe government should be that deciding factor. [67], McConnell initially endorsed fellow Kentucky senator Rand Paul during the 2016 presidential campaign. [171], In September 2019, the Morning Consult found that his approval rating had been underwater since the first quarter of 2017, when it was 44% positive and 47% negative. For other uses, see, Statewide elected officials and legislative leaders of, Relationships with presidential administrations, Although McConnell has allowed reporters to examine parts of his military record and take notes, he has refused to allow copies to be made or to disclose his entire record, despite calls by his opponents to do so. If this election were overturned by mere allegations from the losing side, our democracy would enter a death spiral. [203] He was married to his first wife, Sherrill Redmon, from 1968 to 1980 and had three daughters, Porter, Eleanor (Elly), and Claire. We went to church every week, we went to Catholic schools, Dad taught at a Catholic high school, [was] an English teacher at Roger Bacon [in Cincinnati] for over 40 years and his colleagues were the brothers and the Franciscan priests. I'm extremely worried. Everything from health care to Supreme Court justices to wearing a mask is politicized. That's so important as a Catholic for me, that we make sure we work towards helping people get health care. [63], In 2013, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid eliminated the filibuster for all presidential nominations except the Supreme Court. [169][170] With a 49% disapproval rate in 2017, McConnell had the highest disapproval rating of all senators. [151] This was the longest government shutdown in American history.[18][152]. [91][92][93], On January 12, 2021, it was reported that McConnell supported impeaching Trump for his role in inciting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, believing it would make it easier for Republicans to purge the party of Trump and rebuild the party. (AP Photo/Bryan Woolston), Send your thoughts to Letters to the Editor. You have somebody who lies all the time and people don't necessarily know the difference between that and the truth anymore. WebMitch McConnell (from left), Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi are set to join Joe Biden for Mass at the Cathedral of St. Matthew before his inauguration. He makes things up. McConnell claimed that because it was an election year, the vacancy should remain open until a new president was inaugurated. Instead, senators returned on January 19, and McConnell became minority leader on January 20, the same day Trump left office. The 2020 election was held in November amid this health crisis, and Biden defeated Trump; the fate of the Senate remained uncertain as both of Georgias senatorial races moved to runoffs. That development came as McConnell attempted to halt a growing effort among Republicans to overturn the election. If the events of the last few weeks don't make you worried about our democracy, I don't know what will. where he's on a weekend visit to minister to Hungary's Catholic faithful. He after a year decided that that was not for him. If someone were to say to me, "Amy, you're going to run this race, you're going to have $60 million in attack ads spread about you to smear your name by your opponent and at the end of the day you're going to win and we're going to get Mitch McConnell out, but you're not going to be a senator," I would still be OK with that, 110%. I think you got the better deal! Corrections? He was elected Majority Whip in the 108th Congress and re-elected to the post in 2004. From the 1990s he consistently voted against a series of such measures, including some sponsored by fellow Republicans. By making sure all Americans know that you and your party will have nothing to do with higher taxes on the rich or with putting money into "human infrastructure," you will move the Democrats into position to put less emphasis on the culture war issues and more attention on the kitchen table issues, opening the path to becoming the majority party again. Before the Affordable Care Act, there was not a single insurer in Kentucky that would cover maternity care! WebAddison Mitchell McConnell III (born February 20, 1942) is an American politician and retired attorney serving as the senior United States senator from Kentucky, a seat he has held 1 obstructionist, is trying to make big things happen", "Let's just say it: The Republicans are the problem", "Mitch McConnell's obstruction in the spotlight following massacres", "As the Gorsuch nomination proceeds, this man is taking credit: Mitch McConnell", "Roll Call of Votes on Articles of Impeachment", "Mitch McConnell becomes longest-serving Republican leader in history of Senate", "McConnell Is Senate's New Top Republican", "McConnell takes the reins as Senate majority leader", "Mitch McConnell makes Senate history as longest-serving Republican leader", "McConnell becomes longest-serving senator from Kentucky", "Master of the Senate: Mitchell McConnell gets the job done", "If Democrats Want to Challenge Trump, They Need a New Strategy", "McConnell's Reputation as a Master Tactician Takes a Hit", "Mitch McConnell: 'The man in the middle' of U.S. healthcare war", "The Myth of Mitch McConnell, Political Super-Genius", "The Promise of Party in a Polarized Age", "How the GOP Prompted the Decay of Political Norms", "When did McConnell say he wanted to make Obama a 'one-term president'? That's kind of where I'm at, and I think many Kentuckians feel the same way. Mine gave me a subscription to Human Events. A Harvard CAPS-Harris poll in May showed that two-thirds of voterssupport raising taxeson those making more than $400,000. The push to delay the leadership elections, which take place behind closed doors and whose vote tallies are not made public, comes in the wake of reports that Scott recorded a video prior to the midterms announcing a challenge to McConnell as leader, one that he abandoned after a much-hyped red wave failed to materialize Tuesday. Following the 2008 election of Pres. It helps to know Mitch McConnell", "PBGC Director Nominee Gets Kicked Back to Trump", "Senate Confirms Gordon Hartogensis as Director of PBGC", "Roll Call Vote 116th Congress 1st Session", "The Long Rifleman Louisville-Thruston Chapter", "Mitch McConnell - Net Worth - Personal Finances", "US Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell treated for concussion", "McConnell called 'Midnight Mitch' for controversial proposed impeachment trial rules", "Mitch McConnell responds to Trump's 'Old Crow' insult: 'It's quite an honor', "Mitch McConnell responds to 'Daily Show' turtle impersonation", "Jon Stewart Takes 'Slow-Talking Tortoise-Man' Mitch McConnell to Task Again (Video)", "What is McConnelling? He led opposition to stricter campaign finance laws, culminating in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling Citizens United v. FEC that partially overturned the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain-Feingold) in 2010. McConnell, for his part, has praised bipartisan legislation they worked on together, and had been the only Republican to attend the funeral of Biden's son, Beau (in 2015). Those are things we really need to delve into. [121] McConnell's refusal to hold Senate hearings on Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland during Obama's final year in office was described by political scientists and legal scholars as "unprecedented",[122][123] a "culmination of [his] confrontational style",[124] a "blatant abuse of constitutional norms",[54] and a "classic example of constitutional hardball". [211], In May 2019, McConnell's brother-in-law Gordon Hartogensis, who is married to Chao's sister Grace, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as director of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), a part of the Labor Department. [107] In August, McConnell called Sotomayor "a fine person with an impressive story and a distinguished background" but added he did not believe she would withhold her personal or political views while serving as a justice. We already have reasonable restrictions under Roe v. Wade. McConnell became a key figure in drafting a bipartisan deal that included significant cuts but no changes to the various entitlement programs. He didn't do anything. [64][65][66] In August 2019, McConnell wrote an editorial for The New York Times, strongly opposing the elimination of the filibuster on legislation. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. She was such a strong voice of dissent at times when that was needed. [218][219] McConnell was inducted as a member of the Sons of the American Revolution on March 1, 2013. How do you feel Democrats should question Trump's Supreme Court nominee Amy Coney Barrett about her faith? After a report came out of Democrats' investigating a second allegation against Kavanaugh, McConnell said, "I want to make it perfectly clear. Donald Trump. In May 2016, after Trump suggested that federal judge Gonzalo P. Curiel was biased against Trump because of his Mexican heritage, McConnell responded, "I don't agree with what he (Trump) had to say. In July 2018, President Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace the retiring Anthony Kennedy as an associate justice of the Supreme Court. (You can't make this stuff up!). The following year he introduced a compromise bill that brought the Republican and Democratic parties closer to agreement about which interrogation techniques could be used by U.S. authorities on detainees held as suspected terrorists or terrorist sympathizers. RT @TrumpWarRoom: The talking points have gone out. Gerald R. Ford (197475) and as judge/executive (chief judge) of Jefferson county, Kentucky (197885). The Republicans made significant gains in the 2010 midterm elections, and much of their initial focus turned to the federal deficit. "[61], One of McConnell's most common tactics as minority leader to delay or obstruct legislation and judicial appointments has been the filibuster. It's hard for me. McConnell earned a reputation as a tough opponent of campaign finance reform and campaign spending limits. He is seeking his seventh term. that is so polarized that the Supreme Court is now a weapon.'. Asked whether this meant "endless, or at least frequent, confrontation with the president", McConnell clarified that "if [Obama is] willing to meet us halfway on some of the biggest issues, it's not inappropriate for us to do business with him. What anyone, Democrats or Republicans and frankly, I wish your question had been Democrats or Republicans when you question somebody, it should be on their interpretation of the laws. He got security briefings on the coronavirus back in January. You know, when I was in the military, my father gave me a subscription to the National Catholic Reporter. [153][154] He subsequently reversed his position when Trump endorsed the proposed package. [196][197], In the November 2020 general election, McConnell faced Democratic nominee Amy McGrath, a former Marine fighter pilot; and Libertarian nominee Brad Barron, a businessman and farmer. A filibuster is an attempt to "talk a bill to death", forcing Senate leadership to abandon a proposed measure instead of waiting out the filibusteror at least to delay the measure's passage. You might even know someone in construction who will work on the project. 'Mitch McConnell has built a system and a Congress he has built it! "[69] In private, McConnell reportedly expresses disdain for Trump[70] and "abhors" his behavior. First seen as a long shot, she has been gaining on McConnell, with the most recent polls showing her down by seven points, 41% to McConnell's 48%. [2] During the 1998 and 2000 election cycles, he was chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. She served as a congressional fellow, advising a senior member of the U.S. House of Representatives Armed Services Committee on defense and foreign policy, and later was a Marine Corps liaison to the State Department and other federal agencies. She's the kind of person that makes me proud to be an American. [142], From December 22, 2018, until January 25, 2019, the federal government was shut down when Congress refused to give in to Trump's demand for $5.7billion in federal funds for a U.S.Mexico border wall. By that time, nearly half of all votes to invoke cloture in the history of the Senate had occurred during Obama's presidency. As chairman of the Senate Ethics Committee in 1995, he garnered national attention for resisting Democratic attempts to investigate sexual assault accusations against Republican Sen. Bob Packwood of Oregon. There's not anything judicial about it. Where's the balance? His time in service has also been the subject of criticism because his discharge was accelerated after his father placed a call to Senator. He sees this as an opportunity to divide us yet again. "[82] Trump has continued to attack McConnell in personal terms since then, but McConnell has not responded publicly. [20][21]:1112 His first day of training at Fort Knox, Kentucky, was July 9, 1967, two days after taking the bar exam, and his last day was August 15, 1967. Henneberger: What was your first reaction when you heard that Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg had died? Mitch McConnell shot them down", "Mitch McConnell could end the shutdown. [14], McConnell attended the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where Martin Luther King Jr. gave the "I Have a Dream" speech. [30], From 1997 to 2001, McConnell was chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, the body charged with securing electoral victories for Republicans. [103], McConnell's relationship with the Biden administration has been portrayed in media as one of comity. [135], In October 2018, McConnell said if a Supreme Court vacancy were to occur during Trump's 2020 re-election year he would not follow his 2016 decision to let the winner of the upcoming presidential election nominate a justice. His Democratic colleagues prevailed, however, and McConnell publicly changed his mind about Packwood, who resigned later that year under the weight of evidence against him. She became a medical doctor. [11], In 1950, when he was eight, McConnell moved with his family from Athens to Augusta, Georgia, where his father, who was in the Army, was stationed at Fort Gordon. Humayun Khan, a Muslim-American soldier who was killed in Iraq, McConnell said, "All Americans should value the patriotic service of the patriots who volunteer to selflessly defend us in the armed services." Commentators noted that McConnell had kept Republican senators "marching in lockstep" throughout the process. [129][130] He confirmed 260 federal judges over the course of Trump's four-year term, shifting the federal judiciary to the right. However, McConnell subsequently claimed that the former president was practically and morally responsible for provoking the events of the day.. I am the guy that gets us out of shutdowns' | CNN Politics", "McConnell said wall funding would 'probably' have to wait until after midterms. [158], Speaking on the Hugh Hewitt radio show on April 22, 2020, McConnell suggested that states should be able to declare bankruptcy instead of receiving additional COVID-19 aid funds funds which he implied would be used to save insolvent state pension funds, instead of COVID-19 relief as intended. Obviously, I'm someone who's Catholic, who grew up and was educated in the church. [80], Later that day, he described the storming of the Capitol building (which occurred while the Electoral College votes were being counted) as a "failed insurrection" which "tried to disrupt our democracy". Here's the History", "McConnell: House coronavirus bill an 'ideological wish list', "The twisted politics of Washington's coronavirus response", "McConnell tells GOP to pass House coronavirus bill: 'Gag and vote for it anyway', Senate passes $2-trillion economic stimulus package, The coronavirus stimulus package versus the Recovery Act, "All of the COVID-19 stimulus bills, visualized", "McConnell Says He Favors Letting States Declare Bankruptcy", "With Go-Slow Approach, Republicans Risk Political Blowback on Pandemic Aid", "In Stimulus Talks, McConnell Is Outside the Room and in a Tight Spot", "McConnell: Time to restart coronavirus talks", "McConnell goes hands-off on coronavirus relief bill", "Senate Democrats block $300 billion coronavirus stimulus package, leaving little hope for relief before November", "Senate Republicans fail to advance coronavirus stimulus bill as stalemate drags on", "How McConnell is maneuvering to keep the Senate in GOP hands and navigating Trump", "Schumer says Democrats won't fold to GOP's 'emaciated' stimulus bill", "Senate fails to advance slimmed-down GOP coronavirus relief bill", "Which States Give Their US Senators the Lowest Marks? Let's put the political games aside and focus on this country, focus on the common good. The tables below list the religious affiliation of each of the members to be sworn into the 114th Congress on Jan. 6, 2015. I mean gosh, I look back and I wouldn't have even had the jobs I had in the last 25 years if it wasn't for her. He took vacation when we needed more aid. He defeated Bruce Lunsford by 6%. [14][19], In March 1967, shortly before the expiration of his educational draft deferment upon graduation from law school, McConnell enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve as a private at Louisville, Kentucky. The entire process revolves around removal. Many of them bought into the faux solidarity promoted by Donald Trump. [15] In 1964, at the age of 22, he attended civil rights rallies,[16] and interned with Senator John Sherman Cooper. [174], In 2020, according to Morning Consult, Susan Collins edged out McConnell as the most unpopular senator with a 52% unfavorable rating from Maine voters compared to 50% unfavorable for McConnell. Sixty-five percent also support new spending on child care, health care and other social programs. My faith is a personal thing; I don't try to impose it on others. that is so polarized that the Supreme Court is now a weapon, [which] is so against what we should be doing and what has worked in our country for the last 200 years.
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