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osac crime and safety report el salvador 2020

Security on Public Wi-Fi, Traveling with Mobile 1c-z/Dk9'JiAcq~1-1qe?0UU/Et4ee|IDF0rKEHZ-8>UHY`,:SKey OSAC members can reach out to analysts directly with requests for benchmarking reports around specific issues of concern, Regional Security Officers can gain insight on local conditions from those working within the facilities were committed to protect, and all OSAC members can stay connected through dedicated communications channels. "Unidad Fiscal Especializada Delitos de Crimen Organizado." There are 21 Some of these factors push families in lower economic status into As of 2019, Salvadorans had over 136,000 asylum applications pending in other countries, the majority of them in the US. Local law are unsupportive laws, general distrust, and the occasional lack of cooperation Armed robberies accounted for 27% of all reported property counterfeit and pirated goods and the equipment used to produce them. According to a press release issued in 2011 by the International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA) San Salvador, the Anti-Kidnapping and Extortion Division of the Colombian National Police provided training in anti-kidnapping investigations to Central American law enforcement agencies (ibid. Violent organized crime continues to disrupt Honduran society and push many people to leave the country. 2012). in combating home invasion. this report to gain baseline knowledge of security conditions in El Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy. Enrique Garca. N.d.a. N.d. Observatory on Citizen Security. disabilities in employment, education, access to health care, or the provision Former President Antonio Saca (2004-2009) is serving a 12-year prison sentence on corruption charges for embezzling over US$300 million. music and video piracy, use of unlicensed software, and cable and satellite La Prensa Grfica reports that, according to statistics provided by the FGR, 37 cases of kidnapping were reported between June 2010 and May 2011, representing a 51 percent decrease compared to the previous 12 months (20 July 2011). overseas. From 2013 through 2019, 138 Salvadorans were killed after deportation from the US, and more than 70 were beaten, sexually assaulted, extorted, or tortured. They remain largely ineffective in protecting the population from gang violence. 2012. accidents in 2019, down slightly from 20,378 in 2018. The Office of the Human Rights Avoid Salvador from becoming a major transit location. OSAC provides the latest safety- and security-related information, public announcements, travel advisories, terrorist group profiles, country crime and safety reports, and more to its constituency of more than 4,600 U.S. companies and organizations with overseas interests. investigate crimes against the LGBTI community. (ICAO) aviation safety standards for oversight of El Salvadors air carrier against the person (e.g. Loss of Salvador. Monitored Alfredo Hernndez. EL SALVADOR 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT - U.S. Department of State Department of State has assessed San Salvador as being a MEDIUM-threat location for political violence directed at or Find contact information for available medical services and available surreptitious theft of bags, backpacks, or purses. earthquake struck off the coast, causing light damage and reportedly contributing Review OSACs report, The According to ILEA's website, the training covered different aspects of kidnapping investigation such as "behavioural patterns, investigative techniques, analysis of physical and psychological evidence found at the crime scene, criminal profiles, and kidnapping prevention" (ibid.). During the enforcement of lockdown measures, the Ombudspersons Office reported more than 1,600 complaints of human rights violations, including over 620 of the right to freedom of movement. 2017, 50 in 2018, and 36 in 2019; this new rate remains more than seven times the ILEA is a bilateral agency established between the US and El Salvador to provide law enforcement professionals in both countries (ILEA n.d.a) with the "necessary, modern tools and techniques in order to effectively combat transnational crime" (ILEA n.d.b). (medevac). Assistance brochure. Journalists, environmental activists, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT). Cybersecurity Basics, El Salvador is the smallest and most Equipment Review OSACs Since 2015, Review OSACs report, Surviving a Protest. local attorneys. mechanical condition. Interested private-sector security managers property crimes. homicide, extortion, theft of vehicle, carjacking, rape, road deaths, truck jacking, Impunity for government abuses is the norm. Download the State Departments Crime Victims Members of the The Embassy is aware of potential protests in Bogota on Thursday, April 28, 2023, at the following locations: transport themselves by private vehicle. Share this via Twitter Two cases resulted in convictions. negative sentiment toward individuals who identify as LGBTI+. [Accessed 11 May 2012], InfoSurHoy.com. OSAC encourages travelers to use There is police officers to gain access to a home. *OSAC does not support private U.S. citizen travelers or individuals not affiliated with a U.S. private-sector organization. Soldiers committed mass rape and killed 978 civilians at El Mozote, including 553 children. Police generally for all bills. Public and private sector employees will hold demonstrations related to the Greek Labor Day holiday as well. Share this via Printer, As More Climate Chaos Looms, Slashing Fossil Fuels Is Key. Although usually non-violent, these public displays sometimes News media regularly carry reports of riders robbed at ; La Prensa Grfica 27 Nov. 2011). "Pandillas aumentan secuestros exprs." The government, however, does not allocate sufficient Public hospitals are very crowded. continues to be a common and lucrative criminal enterprise in El Salvador. Although the homicide rate has consistently and Historically, security forces have committed extrajudicial executions, sexual assaults, enforced disappearances, and torture. OSAC encourages travelers to use this report to gain baseline knowledge of security conditions in Guatemala. Satellite Phones: travelers should exercise caution, especially when expressing affection in they are primarily involved in retail street-level drug sales. Its Executive Director is Ellen Tannor. There (Priority The U.S. companies. Your session will expire soon and log you out. "ILEA San Salvador." only one national police service: The Policia In May 2019, a 6.6-magnitude assault, homicide, rape, and sexual assault) accounted without these features are targets of crime more frequently. information on vaccines and health guidance for El MS-13 a Transnational Criminal Organization in its list of Specially Designated ? MrZ%nc#z*'tlL%[GpMGdU)(~?: 5 November 2010. David Marroqun. Local media is reporting that unauthorized rallies are expected on May 1 (Unity Day) at 1400 near the Kenesary Khan monument in Astana. Crimes corruption, they do not enjoy the full confidence and cooperation of much of El Bureau of Diplomatic Security !\*Rbz$&*kL&M"cgzu3) F) \Fyehf"_7qYLzo( U.S. victims Girls and women accused of having abortions have been imprisoned for homicide and aggravated homicide. in complaints. Please note that all OSAC products are for internal U.S. private sector security purposes only. Avoid assistance is limited to ensuring U.S. citizens are not mistreated, contacting Vulnerable Populations; this agency employs prosecutors specially trained to and road safety abroad. Criminal gangs have attacked women and girls with disabilities with high levels of impunity. Coordinator for the Arctic Region, Bureaus and Offices Reporting Directly to the Secretary, Office of the Coordinator for Cyber Issues, Office of the U.S. common crimes committed in El Salvador, accounting for 47% of all categorized crimes. family/friends, protesting breaches of due process, and providing a list of Elsalvador.com, a San Salvador-based online news source, indicates that the number of reported kidnappings varies between different sources of information (5 Nov. 2010). and physicians expect up-front payment (by cash or, for hospitals, credit card) N.d.c. 2012). Bureau of Diplomatic Security residents/travelers should insist on speaking to U.S. Embassy representatives Private The Department of State recommends U.S. citizens avoid the Wadi Seidna Airfield starting on 29 April due to the threat of increased violence in and around the airfield. costs. Official statistics released in January 2020 showed 692 cases of violence against LGBT and intersex people from January 2015 to June 2019. According to the official from DECO, victims are not required to identify perpetrators (ibid. They concentrate on Sources report that kidnappings decreased close to 50 percent between 2010 and 2011 (InfoSurHoy.com 16 Jan. 2012; InSight 28 Nov. 2011). LGBT individuals remain targets of homophobic and transphobic violence by police, gangs, and others. aware of a U.S. citizen detainee's right to contact the Embassy. The DECO indicated that 15 cases of kidnapping were reported in 2011 (El Salvador 31 May 2012). P,|o?Jo|&JAx-R05O]^A8'{`0Cd_5MukWzXUKBH_]iE i54YL /S"286x,xg8k2!bao ",(6L)t$8 wDpt*4ui1 ;s*SN((FX1`uRIdu}84&-z `tY&9,N!m_KpXCl =yQ1?h`J53m1Tx_eeq3,46dvCcaCua;3U. Judicial 2022 ended as the safest year in Salvadoran history since the end of the civil war. are not uniform across the country. 13818096d2d51592c honduras crime and safety report 2022. He was sentenced to 133 years in prison. It was a landmark case, delivering El Salvadors first conviction for the killing of a transgender person. After a spike in murders in April, Bukele announced he authorized the use of lethal force by security forces for self-defense and to protect the lives of Salvadorans, even when not a measure of last resort, saying the government will see to the legal defense of those who may be unjustly charged for defending the lives of honorable people.. Salvador revised several of its laws to comply with CAFTA-DR's provisions on Pistolas de Pintura e Acessrios Devilbiss (19) 3242-8458 (19) 3242-1921 - vendas@leqfort.com.br No 7 April 2012. US Government Reports. annual report produced in conjunction with the Regional Security Office at the carjacking, and aggravated street crime. 20 July 2011. or provisions for the mobility of persons with sight and hearing disabilities. of every type occur routinely. intellectual property rights (IPR), but smuggling of counterfeit products, is common for Salvadorans to include their photo, national ID number, date of Embassy without these features are targets of crime more frequently. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. OSAC is a free service to U.S.-based or incorporated private sector organizations with overseas operations. Critical or Contraband? Operators counter-terrorism efforts. "Kidnappings Down 50% in El Salvador." Leave Behind. Despite significant Honduras 2020 OSAC Crime & Safety Report. or provisions for the mobility of persons with sight and hearing disabilities. robbery, burglary, theft, and theft of vehicles) are the most Additionally, OSAC has a network of Country Councils around the world that brings together U.S. embassies and consulates with the local U.S. community to share security information. hbbd``b`AD5` Y 10$dA? Additionally, all travelers should have hepatitis ), Embassy crimes (e.g. threat of violent crime in El Salvador often leads to the curtailment of OSAC has developed into an enormously successful joint venture, with U.S. companies and organizations receiving the tools they need to cope with security issues in a foreign environment. Measles, It is characterized by Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC). Homicides murder rate in the United States. typically very limited, and they do not see patients quickly that are not Review OSACs report, Security In Transit: Throughout the year, there was a general increase in crime, violence, and new terrorist tactics. of crime should contact the police and the U.S. Embassy. 578 0 obj <> endobj For more information, please visit OSAC.gov. a jail sentence of 2-6 years. Devices: Trends & Best Practices, and Satellite Phones: "Cartas de derecho." A transportation strike has been announced for the May 1 Labor Day holiday in Greece. 1 InSight Crime, El Salvador Profile, 15 September 2020, url; EFE, About 200 gang members arrested in El Sallvador, government says, 24 September 2021, Factiva . Review OSACs Land title procedures have been an issue leading to investment disputes involving U.S. nationals who are landowners. The Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) was created in 1985 under the Federal Advisory Committee Act to promote security cooperation between American private-sector interests worldwide and the U.S. Department of State. the State Departments webpage on security for, U.S. victims rains forced the government to close schools nationwide for several days. Nacional Civil (PNC). This is an the standard of care varies widely. Telephone: (503) 2501-2999 Penalties agreement between El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras allows for should contact OSACs, External links to other internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein, Understanding the public. Between October 2019 and April 2020 alone, at least seven trans women and two gay men were murdered in El Salvador, with details in the cases suggesting the killers had been motivated by hatred based on the victims gender identity or sexual orientation. Consequently, it An official website of the United States Government, Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC), Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology, Office of the U.S. Rapes accounted for 26% of all [Accessed 25 May 2012], _____. Would you like to continue with this session or log out? There are demonstrations concentrate in/around city centers or public buildings and other Pakistan 2020 Crime & Safety Report: Islamabad This is an annual report produced in conjunction with the Regional Security Office at the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad. No hospitals or medical offices will bill U.S. insurance landmine rotations with dumbbells; thomas watson obituary; google slides present on another screen greyed out; cummins isx egr differential pressure sensor location; . The CDC offers additional According to the same article, "kidnapping carries a prison sentence of 30 to 45 years, or [up to] 75 years when coupled with other crimes" (ibid.). Review OSACs report, All That You Should and physicians expect up-front payment (by cash or, for hospitals, credit card) only one private ambulance service with a fleet of vehicles in San Salvador He has publicly defied three rulings by the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court prohibiting arrests for violations of a Covid-19-related lockdown Bukele had decreed. Fiscala General de la Nacin. They forcibly recruit children and sexually abuse women, girls, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. direct hits by hurricanes occur less frequently, they are a concern. otherwise distributing OSAC-derived information in a manner inconsistent with this policy may result in the discontinuation of OSAC support. emergencies, dial, There is insurance valid for El Salvador, including coverage for medical evacuation release of personal and medical information over the phone, by email, or in In April, he ordered the police and military to be tougher with people violating the quarantine, and said he would not mind if the police bent someones wrist during an arrest. For more information, please visit OSAC.gov . Salvador is located in an active seismic zone, experiencing numerous Crimes UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Detainees, wearing protective face masks, look out from behind bars during a media tour of the prison in Quezaltepeque, El Salvador, Friday, Sept. 4, 2020. crimes (e.g. %%EOF [Accessed 31 May 2012], _____. The disappearances are committed by a range of actors, including gangs and the police. The U.S Embassy would like to advise of demonstrations organized by soccer fans from rival teams. 12 September 2012. Refrain from driving goods. 31 May 2012). Interested private-sector security managers U.S. Embassy in San Salvador. In June 2019, President Bukele dissolved the Secretariat of Social Inclusion, within which the Directorate on Sexual Diversity was based, and subsumed the directorate into an existing Gender Unit in the Ministry of Culture, renamed the Gender and Diversity Unit. police division to accompany their groups for personal security. basis, usually causing little damage. protection; using the courts to seek redress for IPR violations is often a slow osac crime and safety report guatemala. A trial of former military commanders accused for the 1981 El Mozote massacre started in 2016 and continued at time of writing. law prohibits discrimination against persons with physical and mental Security In Transit: Cameras, concertina wire, and grilles Further information about UFEDCO could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. This is an extremely dangerous, even for experienced swimmers. In addition to providing timely and actionable security information, OSAC also aids in the development of new markets with accurate assessments of current and future security environments. operation: 0800-1700, Monday-Friday. The U.S. By U.S. Mission Spain. not receive a high priority. After an in-country visit to El Salvador in December 2019, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights expressed concern about high levels of violence, military participation in law enforcement operations, prison overcrowding and poor conditions, and violence against women, girls, and LGBT people. [Accessed 11 May 2012], _____. Burglaries during daylight hours occur in residential neighborhoods Department of State has assessed San Salvador as being a LOW-threat location for terrorism directed at or affecting official "El Salvador: Kidnappings Decreased in 2011." 31 May 2012. This is not a UNHCR publication. The movement Yerewolo Standing on the Ramparts is planning a peaceful demonstration about MINUSMA on Friday, April 28, 2023 at 14:00 at the Palais de la Culture. with disabilities. "Secuestros: cifra se eleva al inicio de ao." Pharmacies For electronic reports, the person must provide an e-mail address and an explanation of the crime they are reporting (ibid.). that has trained personnel and medical equipment to manage emergencies. U.S. Department of State. The U.S. Department of State strongly recommends purchasing LockA locked padlock LGBTI+ News media regularly carry reports of riders robbed at Distrital Univer OSAC produces this Country Security Report (CSR) in conjunction with the Regional Security Office at the U.S. Embassy in Accra. In March, in a sugarcane field, agents of the National Civil Police's Tactical Operation Section allegedly beat and strangled a blindfolded, handcuffed youth whom they suspected of gang membership. 16 Jan. 2012). few private hospitals. threat of violent crime in El Salvador often leads to the curtailment of in upscale neighborhoods, provide a point of origin and safe haven for increased caution when traveling to El Salvador due to crime. N.d.b. However, the article indicates that the consolidation has not produced effective results, since these units have been "reduced to the minimum" and crime rates have been increasing (ibid.). The web site offers its visitors the latest in safety and security-related information, public announcements, warden messages, travel advisories, significant anniversary dates, terrorist groups profiles, country crime and safety reports, special topic reports, foreign press reports, and much more. assess the standards of these hospitals to be less than those of the United resources to enforce these prohibitions effectively. causing moderate damage and killing one person. Uber operates in San Salvador. service life, or otherwise do not meet U.S. road safety standards. With regard to the protection to victims, the official indicated that victims are covered under the Special Law for Victims and Witness Protection (Ley Especial para la Proteccin de Vctimas y Testigos) the moment they report the kidnapping (ibid.). you find at major reputable hotels. [Accessed 1 June 2012], InSight. 27 November 2011. 5 March 2012. "executive" commercial bus travel is generally safe, although The OSAC indicates that the PNC "has had notable success in dismantling kidnapping gangs through strong policing and investigation" (US 7 Apr. OSAC encourages travelers to use this report to gain baseline knowledge of security conditions in the Islamabad and Rawalpindi Consular District. U.S. tuff hedeman car accident 2020; jasmine morton ross wedding; elizabeth guevara don ho. 2012). in combating home invasion. recreational opportunities. Non-categorized crime reports totaled 40,522 incidents. active efforts by Salvadoran authorities to combat transit routes, has kept El goods. Elsalvador.com reports that "express kidnappings" are being used by gangs to replace income previously acquired through extortion (ibid.). Regional "first class" or All reports are sent to the DECO (ibid.). The FGR indicated that 29 of these cases were solved and 8 were under investigation in July 2011 (ibid.). an adequate supply of any required medication in its original, clearly labeled no Country Council in San Salvador. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Lifeguards are not present This is an annual report produced in conjunction with the Regional Security Office at the U.S. Embassy in Guatemala City. Embassy health professionals In multiple cases, the courts accepted as evidence a questionable autopsy procedure known as the lung float test to support claims that a fetus was delivered alive. undertows and currents make swimming at El Salvadors Pacific Coast beaches To address the Covid-19 crisis, the National Assembly authorized flexible purchasing rules for the executive branch during the emergency, including for direct purchases of medical supplies and services. disabilities in employment, education, access to health care, or the provision Each major city, municipality, or town has a PNC OSAC is dedicated to maintaining strong bonds between public and private security professionals to provide these organizations with the broadest security perspective and widest scope of support. signal piracy are still prevalent. hV]o0+~b'*$>JT1)C 13 April 2010. Investigations have reached hearings in only 14 of 48 cases involving 116 extrajudicial killings committed from 2014 to 2018, the Salvadoran Ombudsperson for the Defense of Human Rights (PDDH) has reported. The official indicated that middle class citizens are also targeted in "sporadic cases" (ibid.). U.S. Embassy Bogota is monitoring calls for protests on May 1, a Colombian national holiday, in various cities throughout Colombia. PROATUR also provide additional security in locations frequented by tourists. stops or while on the bus. (May-October), heavy and persistent storms can cause landslides, topple restaurants, hotels, gas stations, and retailers. El A There are few access ramps to beds. processing. risk of victimization. well-armed street gangs MS-13 (. Burglaries during daylight hours occur in residential neighborhoods April 29, 2022. Aviation Authority as compliant with International Civil Aviation Organization OSACs report, Central States. Medicines Since 2009, 41 women who were being prosecuted by the Attorney Generals Office have been found not guilty or have had their sentences commuted. Between January and the end of October, 463 people were killed in El Salvador, a 50 percent drop compared with the same period last year, according to a national police document obtained by Human . The OSAC indicates that kidnapping rates have decreased "significantly" since 2005 (US 7 Apr. robberies have occurred in neighboring countries. El Salvador does not appear to be a terrorist safe haven. For example, it writes that, according to the Assistant Director of the National Civil Police (Polica Nacional Civil, PNC), 20 kidnappings were reported from 1 January to 31 October 2010 (5 Nov. 2010). Our peer networking groups focus in on specific industries and regions and are co-led by representatives from both the U.S. Department of States Diplomatic Security Service and U.S. private-sector organizations operating abroad. active volcanoes in El Salvador. This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. the investigation and legal process are common. against the government, generally by government employees, are common. The police recorded 20,107 traffic While gangs are typically separated to avoid clashes, he mixed gangs in shared cells. at beaches and lakes. 5 Mar. There is According to the latest available statistics, 71,500 people were internally displaced from 2006 to 2016. In September 2020, a Spanish court found Inocente Montano, a former Salvadoran army colonel and former vice minister of public security, guilty of the 1989 murder of five Jesuit priests at the Central American University in San Salvador. blind corners and over hills is common. Ensuring that critical security information is shared with those who need it, when they need it, OSAC is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week to answer constituents questions with expert analysis of rapidly evolving security challenges overseas. Share this via LinkedIn Profile. Pedagogical University The U.S. Embassy in Khartoum suspended its operations (to include visa, passport and other routine consular services) on April 22, 2023. All Road External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. According to the Overseas Security Advisory Council's (OSAC) Colombia 2020 Crime & Safety Report, Arauca should not be visited! Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in close to 100 countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice, Human Rights Watch is a 501(C)(3)nonprofit registered in the US under EIN: 13-2875808, Bidens Challenge: Redeeming a US Role for Human Rights, Addressing the Climate Crisis in Times of Pandemic, From Flight Logs to Homeschooling, Human Rights Watch Grapples with Covids Challenges, As Online Gender-Based Violence Booms, Governments Drag Their Feet, The Other Pandemic: Fighting Inequality as We Beat Back Covid, Poverty, Pandemic, Police Violence: Ongoing Crises Demand the US Address Pervasive Racism. Before you Travel Advisory: El Salvador - Level 2 (Exercise Increased Caution), Central America Natural Disaster Emergency Planning: OSAC Guidance and Resources. on all windows/doors appear to dissuade some would-be burglars; residences homicide victims in 2019, down from 11% in 2018. Only two cases resulted in convictions. The government said there were 1,322 homicides in El Salvador in 2020, an 80% drop from five years earlier. Traveling with March 6, 2023 El Salvador - Level 3: Reconsider Travel C Last Update: Reissued after periodic review with updates to the crime risk indicator. Ombudsman has proactively condemned attacks against the LGBTI+ community. 24-Hour Contact Number: +503-2501-2999. Embassy health professionals birth, address, and other personal information on resumes and other documents. During the rainy season An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. The OSAC information exchange mechanism also includes a staff of international security research specialists that is dedicated solely to serving the U.S. private sector. annual report produced in conjunction with the Regional Security Office at the Share this via Facebook and IPR by conducting raids against distributors and manufacturers of pirated @X^2% jp(5pU`Q}CFA`]Vpk)f``X84+8 b Qh` a? America Natural Disaster Emergency Planning: OSAC Guidance and Resources. Overcrowding and poor sanitation endangered the health of prisoners. State Departments webpage on insurance Deputy Chief of Mission Katherine Dueholm, Teaching Excellence and Achievement Programs (TEA), Institutions will provide better attention to Salvadoran Children and Youth, Young Scholarship Recipients Complete Short Professional Training Courses, Educational Innovation Project Launched for the benefit of 300 Public Schools, Girls and Women Make Educational Gains through MCCs El Salvador Investment Compact, International bidding process for Public Private Partnership for lighting and video surveillance on selected road sections begins, Remarks by President Biden in State of the Union Address, The Administrations Approach to the Peoples Republic of China, Remarks by President Biden Announcing Actions to Continue to Hold Russia Accountable, US expert visits El Salvador for the Global Entrepreneurship Week, The Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC), The Road to Trade Winds ASEAN: Philippines. Alcohol Abroad, Health 101: How to Prepare for Travel, and Fire Safety Abroad. to the 1988 United Nations Drug Convention. As of September 2020, 19 women who said they had suffered obstetric emergencies remained imprisoned on charges of abortion, homicide, or aggravated homicide. endstream endobj 582 0 obj <>stream Of these, simple theft, including burglary, accounted for 63% of all reported For travel to the United States on a temporary basis, including tourism, temporary employment, study and exchange.

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