Crews from Portsmouth, Devonport, Chatham and Fleet Air Arm competed at The Court until 1960 when the Chatham Crew withdrew from the competition. Why are sailors running around with guns on wheels like the Royal Artillery? (The method of abandoning guns during a temporary retirement, leaving them useless to an enemy). It is estimated that 15,000 men of the Royal Navy have taken part in the competition.\r\rThe gun run is divided into three sections. The two weeks of blood, sweat and tears were starting to take their toll and the crew of 99 just wanted to forget about the future without field gun and try to remember all the good times they had at Devonport, Portsmouth and the Fleet Air Arm. The top brass also viewed it as a drain on everdwindling manpower. In support of the British Army, the Royal Navy landed guns from HMS Terrible and Powerful to help in the relief of the siege. A precursor to the competition lay in the presentation of Field Gun 'Evolutions' including one performed by Miss Westons Naval Boys Brigade from Portsmouth at the Royal Albert Hall on 21 October 1905 as part of the Centenary Commemoration of the Battle of Trafalgar. (reason why at the moment remains unclear! However, instead of checking on the collapsing sheer legs and passing on the outside of them he went through the middle. The Naval Brigade were soon in action against the Boer artillery; their long range guns were so effective in countering the enemy batteries and holding them at bay that it was not long before Captain Scott was being asked to provide another brigade. Once all the crew and equipment were back on the home side of the chasm, the wire and traveller were dismantled and three more rounds were fired in a rear guard action. Across the Forces as a whole, the result is immaterial. The British forces were quickly overwhelmed and forced back to the towns of Mafeking, Kimberley and Ladysmith, which were then besieged. Following the Second World War, the first post war Tournament was held in 1947 at Olympia with the addition of a crew representing the Fleet Air Arm. The legendary story tells of the siege of the British garrison in the township of Ladysmith in 1899. The ZiS-3 could be used in direct fire against armored vehicles, direct fire in infantry support, and indirect fire against distant targets. In 1903, a party from HMS Excellent introduced an obstacle into their display. With its origins going back to 1899, competing in Field Gun competitions demands teamwork, leadership, and moral and physical courage. The "Brickwoods" trophy itself is a reproduction in silver of a 12-pounder field gun and a gun crew of seven sailors. The crews are awarded 2 points for a win, 1 and a half for a tie, 1 for a defeat, and 0 for a disqualification or a run taking over 4 minutes to complete. The average time for the "Run Back" was 60 seconds. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Upon their entry the newcomers won the Aggregate Time Challenge Cup as well as the Fastest Time Cup. In 1896 the first all-naval display appeared in the programme of the Tournament. Field guns also lack a specialized purpose, such as anti-tank or coastal artillery. A film clip of this evolution survives from the period[2] which was filmed by Alfred J West for his popular 'Our Navy' film presentations in the early 1900s. 1905 - the seamen of HMS Victory (R N Barracks) added a further obstacle in the form of a bridge, too narrow for the guns to be hauled over in a normal manner. After four consecutive nights, the winning crew will receive a trophy from the Queen and, perhaps, a drink from their commanding officer. Thank you to the Oggies for this article By Richard Thompson (aka Thommo-the-Phot), This article was first published in a Field Gunners Association Newsletter 2006. Even the German super-heavy guns in World War II were rail or caterpillar-track mobile. When I find the whole contraption and its 18-strong team charging along faster than I can run, I have two options: dive out the way or get squashed. There have been many changes to the competition. The crews continued to the end of the arena and fired one round. Most of the tournament's 10-strong permanent staff now face redundancy. The 1907 challenge involved a team of 17 scaling a five foot high obstacle on a 75 yard long course and returning. Both wheels are shifted. Sailors had to move the guns inland from the coast to Ladysmith so formed teams and raced the guns . All the badges were transferred, but not, however, put back in the same positions. With the displays of field gun drill now a firm favourite with the audiences at the Tournament, the first competition was staged in May 1907. American Reacts to The Royal Naval Field Gun CompetitionOriginal Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32s4qCCFnmk#RoyalNaval #FieldGun #ReactionTo Support the Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDv8gGPKXTuyknm_xa9cjJQ/joinFollow me on social media:Twitter: @AnEclecticBeardInstagram: The_Eclectic_BeardFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?Check out these supporters of the channel: Jamie Barnhill: https://www.youtube.com/user/jlb13085IAmSam: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBqMsOCOygbCnSbtlpDEeowYota: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCf9kG5Ea6S59ElwKVAW5WvwCopyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for \"fair use\" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. At each performance of the Royal Tournament, two crews competed to transport a 12pounder field gun and limber over a series of obstacles. The Naval involvement in the Victorian campaigns usually involved the landing of the Blue Jackets of the Naval Brigade with their portable field guns alongside their comrades in the Army. In 1912 the organisers removed the chasm from the competition in favour of a single ramp which was negotiated on both the outward and homeward legs of the course. Diversity & Inclusion We empower all our people, by respecting and valuing what makes them different. Royal Navy Field Gun. In support of the British Army, the Royal Navy landed guns from HMS Terrible and Powerful to help in the relief of the siege. In 1900 following the relief of Ladysmith during the South African campaign, Seaman from HMS Powerful brought a 4.7 inch gun into the arena at the Tournament. [2]. Brickwood maintained a close interest in the competition over the years. The Second World War stopped play for a second time, but the resumption saw two important changes: the venue was Earls Court in1950 and by now the Royal Tournaments Field Gun Competition had been joined by a team from the Fleet Air Arm. 'I'm raring to go,' she says. And next week, for the first time in a decade, they will do it before the Queen. This proved most popular and the Navys contribution continued as part of the Tournament, which moved to Olympia in 1906. Brickwood maintained a close interest in the competition over the years. The origins of the field gun competition lie in the Second Boer War in South Africa. Many ex-gunners, or simply a keen supporter of the gun race, will make an annual pilgrimage to Earls Court. Each crew then fires three rounds to end the "Run Out". To the reader - this is Command Field Gun, not Brickwoods Field Gun. 1924 - The Aggregate Time Challenge Cup, and the Fastest Time Cup were introduced. Both sides moved forces to their mutual borders, the British forces in Natal numbered less than 16,000 whilst the Transvaal Burgher army alone totalled nearly 27,000. Posted July 23, 2015 in Guns & Gear, Other Gear & Gadgets by Nicholas C with 10 CommentsTags: Artillery, competition, royal navy. For the final part of the journey, sailors from the Naval Brigade manhandled the guns over very difficult terrain. A four minute run was first recorded in 1948, and three minute run in 1962. After the siege of Ladysmith was finally lifted on February 28th 1900 Queen Victoria sent a telegram: "Pray express to the Naval Brigade my deep appreciation of the valuable services they have rendered with their guns ". The course was then negotiated in the opposite direction with the winner being the first crew to cross the original start line. In the final stage, the Run Home, men, guns and limbers passed back through the hole in the home wall and then the teams hook up and pull for home. 4 years ago. The Naval Brigades were professional organisations. The gun display was turned into a competition and, each year, the big naval bases would recruit teams to heave the same guns over artificial walls and across a 28-foot 'chasm'. In 1992, the services decided that they could no longer free the 2,500 personnel needed to run the show for its traditional three weeks and the tournament was cut to a fortnight, stripping it of financial viability. The guns and limbers of a four-gun battery were taken over a four-foot wall in the arena at Islington. The collapsing sheer legs killed him. The second part of the competition (the "Run Back") involved the crews taking all their equipment back over the 5ft enemy wall and then back across the chasm. It is all done in just over a minute. The Royal Tournament was last held almost 23 years ago before the tattoo was cancelled, amid reports that the services had become too stretched to spare the 2,500 personnel needed to put the event on for its usual three-week run. A 'lucky' 50 would be selected and subjected to six months of intensive training before the Royal Tournament itself. 1936 - No Competition at the Royal Tournament. The winning crew in 1907 was HMS Cambridge, the gunnery school in Plymouth. HMS Collingwood itself has had a good record in the competition, having won the Brickwood Trophy 16 times between 1957 and 2006. The Royal Navy landed two 4.7 inch guns and four 12-pounder field guns. Since the 1980s and 1990s, the field gun has been rarely used in combat. Information on the period 1908 to 1922 is scanty,[3] but it seems that apart from the periods of war the Brickwood Trophy was competed for each year. The Interport Field Gun competition was established in 1907 and was a highlight of the Royal Tournament until the Last Run in 1999. The Royal Navy's field gun competition is a contest between teams from various Royal Navy commands, It used to be a yearly competition at the Royal Tournament. Today 21 strong teams compete over an 85 yard long flat track, a total run of 170 yards. As a result, Captain Percy Scott of HMS TERRIBLE was tasked with producing plans for the mounting of two 4.7 guns for use ashore. The "Command" format, negotiating walls and a chasm, was held annually at the Royal Tournament in London solely as a public display and as recruitment purposes from 1907 until 1999, apart from the periods during the World Wars. From the start line in front of the Royal Box, the crews pulled the guns and limbers to the end of the arena where they turned and carried themselves and the equipment over a 5-foot (1.5m) wall. The most common field guns of the era were the British 5.5inch, the American 155 mm Long Tom[1] (a development of a French World War I weapon) and the Soviet BS-3 - an artillery piece adapted from a naval gun and designed to double up as an anti-tank weapon. The names of the winners of the trophy are engraved on small shields up to and including 1961 and plates for winners since 1962. In 1981 Portsmouth produced a record run of 2 minutes 42.4, only to see it snatched away again two years later by Devonport with a run of 2 minutes 41.1. The gun wheels are exchanged with the limber wheels. The news of the relief of Ladysmith was greeted with great jubilation in Britain and Queen Victoria sent a telegram to the Naval Brigades thanking them for their invaluable assistance. Each crew then fired three rounds to end the "Run Out". This is the whole idea of Field Gun: to try and reconstruct as near to the truth as possible what happened a century ago during the relief of Ladysmith. 40K views 10 years ago This is the world famous Royal Military Tournament race. In between is the rifled towed mortar; this weapon (usually in 120 mm calibre) is light enough to be towed by a truck or SUV, has a range of over 7.5km and fires a projectile comparable in destructive power to a 152 mm/155 mm artillery shell. They ran the gun through the streets of London to Waterloo Station on their return to Portsmouth. Two crews competed at each afternoon performance. Ladysmith was the most vulnerable of the three towns. It ended in controversy as all three crews wore black armbands during the run, even after they were told by the MOD not to, but whatever anybody did it would not change the future. In a combined display, Seamen from HMS Excellent and HMS Victory took their guns over two walls and two bridges. The field gun race harks back to the relief of Ladysmith in 1900 by Royal Navy gunners during the Boer War. And how on earth did anyone come up with the idea in the first place? Trans swimmer Lia Thomas is now telling women what feminism is - and if we protest then we're bigots. ), - 1948 - 1957 - 1970 - 1975 - 1981 - 1984 - 1986 - 1987 - 1997 -. The gun is fired three times as quickly as possible. Once all the crew and equipment were back on the home side of the chasm, the wire and traveller were dismantled and three more rounds were fired in a rear guard action. The last night was also a moment Ill never forget. The M107 was used extensively in the Vietnam War and proved effective in artillery duels with the North Vietnamese forces. With the displays of field gun drill now a firm favourite with the audiences at the Tournament, the first competition was staged in May 1907. Both officers and men received regular training in the techniques of land warfare at the gunnery school, HMS Excellent, at Portsmouth. The Royal Navy Field Gun competition was contested by teams from the Royal Naval commands of Portsmouth, Devonport and the Fleet Air Arm (although teams from Chatham and the Royal Marines have also competed). Field Guns. Currently only Wellington College and Portsmouth Action Field Gun Crews run the 'command' style of Field Gun Run. Hundreds of spectators came out to watch 24 crews across all services compete. Both are then run towards the start, stopped and lifted together to exchange wheels. Before the First World War the competition was moved from the RN Barracks to Whale Island where it continued until 1973, the following year it transferred to HMS Collingwood, its famously large parade ground reputed to have once held as many as 8,000 ratings is the perfect setting for the event. The average time for the Run Back was 60 seconds. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. The clock was stopped as the teams crossed back over the start line. The clock was stopped as the teams crossed back over the start line. This was duly done and the new brigade acted in support of General Bullers push towards their besieged comrades. But the Royal Navy was not going to abandon one of its most glorious traditions. Each gun crew then engages the enemy with three rounds.\r\rThe second section is the run back. In a matter of seconds the wheels are on, pins are in, and the gun crews race flat-out to the finishing line.\r\rThe average time for the run out is one minute twenty-five seconds; for the run back one minute and for the run home twenty-one seconds. 9-pounder and 12-pounder guns were used in the displays. Backstage the Devonport crew should have been celebrating their New World Record and their overall success but they felt as if there was no celebrating to be done. 1913 - the two ramps returned, with their gap lengthening to 30-feet, with both men and guns being required to cross the chasm by means of sheer-legs and a wire jackstay. The competition evolved during the early years of the 20th century. 1903 - additional to the display around the arena, the seamen from HMS Excellent introduced an obstacle in the shape of a 4 Wall over which the guns and limbers of a four-gun battery were taken. By moving the guns from point-to-point during a battle, enemy formations could be broken up to be handled by the infantry or cavalry wherever they were massing, dramatically increasing the overall effectiveness of the attack. The original chasm was formed by placing two ramps opposite each other at a distance of 7ft 6in apart. The men who lift the gun are called the 'heavy ends'; the chaps who lift the wheels on and off are 'wheel numbers'; the man on the trigger is the 'firing number'; and the chap who runs around with the ammo is called 'speedy bullet'. The guns and limbers were then dismantled and carried to the top of a ramp on the "home side" of a 28ft "chasm". On their return home, the sailors from the Naval Brigade paraded their guns through London and appeared at the Royal Naval and Military Tournament at the Agricultural Hall, Islington. In 1907 a competition replaced the parade for the first time, the three depots of Portsmouth, Chatham and Devonport providing the gun teams. In 1900 following the relief of Ladysmith during the South African campaign, Seaman from HMS Powerful brought a 4.7 inch gun into the arena at the Tournament. The Guns used in the Field Gun Competitions, are similar to the 12-Pounder guns used in the Boer War, and other Naval Brigade activities assisting the Army, in places such as Egypt, China and Ashanti.Naval brigades were detachments from ships consisting of seamen and Royal Marines (which were soldiers on board ships) who were landed ashore to undertake naval operations or to support the army in a wide variety of campaigns. The Aggregate Time Challenge Cup is awarded to the crew who has the lowest aggregate official time over the 16 competition runs; the record is held by Devonport at 39 minutes 20.34 and the trophy is now held by Devonport. Perhaps the most famous use of the field gun in terms of advanced tactics was Napoleon Bonaparte's use of very large wheels on the guns that allowed them to be moved quickly even during a battle. And after just a few minutes in their company - during which I tweak a hamstring and nearly get run over - I conclude that Woolers was, as usual, spot on. the ships company for their part in the saving of Ladysmith. This is a competition rooted in that most politically incorrect of imperial conflicts, the Boer War. however, if you know any of it is incorrect, please let me know, and I'll rectify it! In the Royal Navy, nothing beats winning the Field Gun.'. Crews were not permitted to use any additional equipment to assist in transporting the gun and limber across the chasm. The main Naval involvement for several years had been from 40 ratings drawn from HMS Excellent, carrying out Cutlass Drill, and a Gun Drill Display, comprising as follows: The Guns are brought in and, after a short march round the arena, are cleared for action and one round is fired. In 1947 the course consisted of seven "very stiff obstacles" over a distance of 440 yards each way. The gun is brought to the back of the limber and connected, then both are run forward. The average time for the "Run Home" was 21seconds. The programme from the 1896 Tournament states: The guns are brought in and, after a short march around the arena, are cleared for action and one round is fired. The 1914-1918 war stopped all such events for its duration but the competition returned with the new Royal Tournament of peacetime. Displays of Field Gun drill continued in subsequent years. What's more, Woolers liked to get stuck in himself - be it running with the bulls in Pamplona or risking his neck on the Cresta Run. The winning crew was awarded one point; the crew with the most points over the period of the Tournament was awarded a trophy. In 1907, the Royal Navy staged the first Inter Command Field Gun Competition at the Tournament. Since about the start of World War II, the term has been applied to long-range artillery pieces that fire at a relatively low angle, as opposed to howitzers which can fire at higher angles. Each crew then fired three rounds to end the Run Out. Rivalry was intense between the Oggies (Devonport), Pompey (Portsmouth) and the Wafus (the Navy nickname for the early pioneers of the 'wet and ******* useless' Fleet Air Arm). The Royal Navy Royal Marines Charity (RNRMC) have taken over as the main event sponsor but the Brickwood's trophy remains. Every year since 1907, the naval base at HMS Collingwood in Hampshire staged its own version of the Field Gun competition called the Brickwoods Trophy. The U.S. Army tried the long-range gun again from the early 1960s to the late 1970s with the M107 175 mm gun. 'If you won, you got a parade through the streets, a civic reception and all that. At each performance of the Royal Tournament, two crews competed to transport a 12pounder field gun and limber over a series of obstacles. With few exceptions, even the largest siege weapons had become mobile by road or rail by the start of World War I, and evolution after that point tended to be towards smaller weapons with increased mobility. Spot the difference for the Wheel Numbers, though! On the night of Devonports last ever run the A Crew stayed in their mess for most of the day and when the moment came they all had tears in their eyes. All that mattered was a winner's medal at the end of the tournament (silver for the winners, bronze for the runners-up). There is nothing quite like the Royal Navy's Field Gun run, a wince-inducing display of teamwork and severed digits. It seems obvious that the Naval contribution to an event organised by the Army would include their famous guns. 1915 to 1918 - 1st World War, therefore no Tournament, which recommenced in 1919. In the warm-up, he cheerfully barks orders at men who are not just senior in rank, but also 20 years older. The course was changed in 1908 with a chasm replacing the plank obstacle. Last year, the organisers of the Royal Windsor Horse Show decided to use their spectacular arena beneath Windsor Castle to stage the first Windsor Castle Royal Tattoo. Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group, Wealthy Houston trader's wife, 32, drunkenly killed man, 33, on first date with woman after slamming her Porsche into him at 100mph while FOUR TIMES over the legal limit, prosecutors say, Fox News ratings slump below MSNBC's in timeslot Tucker Carlson dominated - as former host's video breaking his silence is viewed by almost 70 MILLION people, Sudan's Islamists use online networks and AI to make their move: Social media accounts spread claims hardliners will seize power as democracy leaders flee during Western evacuation just like the Taliban did in Afghanistan, Judge DENIES Hunter Biden's last-ditch attempt to avoid faceoff with baby mama Lunden Roberts in Arkansas court next week over child support for four-year-old daughter he's never bothered to meet, Anne Heche's estate is sued over $36,000 in credit card debt: Actress killed in crash owed $62,000 at the time of her death, but the bill still hasn't been settled, MAUREEN CALLAHAN: How hateful, smug and sanctimonious! 'It is, simply, the greatest team-building discipline there is. Following initial tests, all the necessary guns and equipment were transported to Durban by HMS Terrible; the carriages were then speedily manufactured in the Durban Railway workshops. At the evening performances, The Royal Navy Field Battery Display was carried out as follows: The Evening performance saw the choreographed display replaced by more competition runs sometime before 1928, possibly when the two other trophies were introduced. 'You leave rank at the side of the sports field,' says Pompey's Number One, Warrant Officer Glen Young. The Royal Tournament relocated for the final time in 1950 when it moved to the larger venue of Earls Court. Information on the period 1908 to 1922 is scanty but it seems that apart from the periods of war the Brickwood Trophy was competed for each year. One story tells of sailors carrying one of the 12pounder guns for 2miles after one of the wheels collapsed. At the end of the two weeks field gunning, four trophies are awarded. Nobody knew what to say whether to congratulate them or to give them sympathy. The chasm returned in 1913 and was extended to a distance of 30ft. This brings a completely new meaning to the phrase Race Gun. The guns were reassembled before taking them over a four-foot wall. Modern gun-artillery such as the L118 105 mm light gun or the M119 105 mm howitzer are used to provide fire support for infantry and armour at ranges where mortars are impractical. The siege of Ladysmith lasted for 120 days until February 1900. The event originates from guns being run cross treacherous terrain during the siege of Ladysmith during the Boer War. At the sounding of the G on the bugle the final phase is to take all their equipment through the narrow gaps in the home wall. The race is set up with some basic obstacles. Video 3 below shows a run between Devonport and the Fleet Air Arm from . The Brickwoods Trophy Competition sponsored by Whitbread was instituted shortly after its Big Brother, the Inter-Command Competition was first performed at Olympia in 1907. Production of the M107 continued until 1980 and the gun is still in service with the Israeli military. The Royal Marines set a new record in 1924 of 1 minute 24.40 seconds. After a century this spectacle of toughness, courage, discipline and teamwork is still going strong. This comprised of cutlass drill and gun drill by forty ratings from HMS Excellent. The teams will be competing for the pride of their respective bases - HM Naval Base, Portsmouth, and HMS Sultan in neighbouring Gosport. On 20th July 1999 the Government confirmed what many people had been dreading for months, the fact that the field gun competition would come to an end in August 1999. The officers and men of Powerful were soon invited to a number of military and civic receptions culminating in a Royal audience with Queen Victoria where she personally thanked. The need for a long-range weapon is filled by rockets, missiles, and aircraft. The record was lowered to 1 minute 19.40 seconds by HMS Daedalus in 1988. Information on the period 1908 to 1922 is scanty but it seems that apart from the periods of war the Brickwood Trophy was competed for each year. In British use, a field gun was anything up to around 4.5inches in calibre, larger guns were medium and the largest guns were heavy. The display was so popular that it was repeated in 1897 and subsequent years. When the commentator announced it was to be the last time we would ever see the Men of Field Gun, the whole arena showed their anger by stamping the floor or banging their chairs. Close. All the men and the field gun have to be carried over the enemy wall, and back across the chasm. Before 1999 this record was held by Portsmouth and had stood for 15 years. Gun-howitzers fill the middle ground, with the world rapidly standardizing on either the 155 mm NATO or 152mm Russian (former USSR) standards. The men of the Naval Brigade removed six guns from their warships and placed them on hastily-constructed gun carriages. Why hasn't it been banned on health-and-safety grounds? The race was continued on the return journey, the team first crossing the original starting line being awarded one point; the team which secured the biggest number of points throughout the run of the Tournament. On their return home, the sailors from the Naval Brigade paraded their guns through London and appeared at the Royal Naval and Military Tournament at the Agricultural Hall, Islington. HMS Collingwood cut that to 1 min 26.8 secs in 1962. The winning crew in 1907 was HMS Cambridge, the gunnery school in Plymouth. The contingent was soon ready and under the command of Captain H. Lambton RN, the 280 officers and men with two, 4.7 inch guns, four long range 12 pounders and four maxim guns the Naval Brigade as they were now called, left Durban by rail for Ladysmith. eight crews have competed including the Royal Marines in the 1920s. Two gun crews of eighteen men from the commands of Portsmouth, Devonport and Chatham took part in the first competition. So, in this team, you find the 'firing number', Petty Officer Gunga Din, giving orders to the 'extracting number', Jules Stevenson, who just happens to be a Lieutenant Commander. 1st Retire, 2nd Wheel And so the Field Gun race has carried on, kept alive by more than 20 volunteer crews. Aggregate Time and Fastest Time Cups were introduced in 1924. The gun carriage and gun barrels follow, the gun barrels each weigh 900lb. In 1960 Chatham ran at the tournament for the last time. A spin-off, the Junior Leaders Field Gun Competition, using the Brickwoods format, was held for the 1st time in 2007 and is still held today. The race has not been seen since the Royal Tournament ended a decade ago. However, this event would never have even started if it were not for a historic event, which happened 100 years ago: The display in its present competition form was started in 1907. inspired by the exploits of a Naval Brigade during the Boer War in 1899. The Naval Brigade transported guns over difficult terrain and brought them into action against the Boers. The class of small and highly mobile artillery has been filled with increasing capacity by the man-portable mortar in 60 or 81 mm/82 mm calibre and has replaced every artillery piece smaller than 100 mm. HMS Collingwood cut that to 1 minute 26.80 seconds in 1962. The record for the fastest run at the Royal Tournament was set by Devonport in 1999, the competition's final year, with 80.86 seconds for the "Run Out", 58.65 seconds for the "Run Back" and 20.92 seconds for the "Run Home", an aggregate of 2 minutes, 40.43 seconds.[4].
Albion Jail Inmates,
Gaf Manufacturing Plant Locations,
Articles W