For the week ending December 12, barge grain movements totaled 1,120,459 tons. Webcorn price, at $6.10 per bushel, is up 53 cents from last month and $1.35 from February 2021. USDA A seemingly comparable figure is the rate for hauling to market five miles away with an average and median at $0.10 per bushel, and rates ranging from $0.05 per Grain Hauling Average With a record demand for Chinese grain due to global weather issues and the COVID-19 quarantine, compounded by international supply chain snarls, corn prices per bushel were $5.77 at Novembers end with soybeans at $12.64. PLC and ARC-CO are two choices for receiving commodity title payments. A comparison of the two sets of rates provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate costs of owning equipment and performing harvest operations versus outsourcing. According to the study, from 2018 to 2019, the average marginal cost per mile incurred by motor carriers decreased 9.3 percent to $1.65. I am getting 1/2 penny per bushel per mile. Alternatively, other sources of returns will be needed to justify owning a combine on lower acreage farms. For corn, once the crop has reached maturity the desirable moisture level for grain at harvest is 15%. Grain transportation costs can be divided into two categories: ownership costs, which occur regardless of how much the truck or tractor is used, and operating costs, which vary directly with the number of miles driven. Also called fixed costs, include depreciation, interest, insurance, and licenses. = 28). This will affect every farmer in Clay County, he said, pointing out that such concentration leads to longer lines of trucks at fewer elevators farther apart. endobj Moreover, the $8.57 MYA price for 2019 was below the $9.63 benchmark price. Wheat triggered in 67% of the years. Soybean inspections decreased 8 percent from week to week, but inspections of corn increased 18 percent, as shipments to Asia increased significantly. Still, that average was 6 cents higher than in 2016, the last time the freight market softened. For farms with fields in multiple locations, optimal harvest timing may not be reached in a logistical order. Although it is likely easier to secure trucking when hauling direct to a market, in some areas custom trucking to a farm bin site is also possible. Oats: For soybeans to have payments in 22% of the years like oats, the soybean statutory reference price would have to be above $8.57, the MYA price in 2019. We show payments for soybeans from Price Loss Coverage (PLC) and Agriculture Risk Coverage at the county level (ARC-CO) to aid in the deliberations over the next farm bill. Zulauf, C., G. Schnitkey, K. Swanson, N. Paulson and J. Coppess. Grain Hauling Cost Calculator Instructions The most significant appreciation in the land market in Brazil occurred in areas used for grain production, followed by sugar cane and coffee, according to the S&P Global Commodity Insights report (see Figure 1). A farm may justify the higher cost per acre, with the expectation for added costs or lost revenue if harvest progressed at a slower pace with the smaller combine. As shown in Table 2, the economic cost per acre is dependent on acres to harvest and size of combines and heads, a larger combine used on more acres can have the same per acre cost as a smaller combine used on fewer acres. endstream endobj 2886 0 obj <>stream The goal is to report what is being charged, not what should be charged. In 2018 the extra charge was averaged $0.226 per bushel of grain sorghum for yields greater than 48 bushels per acre. Soybean inspections decreased 8 percent from week to week, but inspections of corn increased 18 percent, as shipments to Asia increased significantly. Thats the main reason Im renting out my ground and quitting, said Rubeck, owner of 300 acres. The rate from PNW to Japan was $23.25 per mt, unchanged from the last available rate on December 3. The additional cost associated with that drive is just one too many, Rubeck said. Guidelines are available here. The farmdoc daily website falls under University of Illinois copyright and intellectual property rights. Or if a farmer is assisting a neighbor or seeking custom work, knowing their own cost of operation provides a baseline level for which to add a profit margin when setting a custom rate. WebFLAT RATE COMBINING AND HAULING fuel 0.30 0.30 COMBINING AND HAULING CORN fuel Combining and hauling CornReported as Combination of per Acre rate, hauling, plus overage Rate per Acre Hauling per Bushel Overage Rate per Bushel Overage charged on yields over: ResponsesAverageMinimumMaximumMost Common 2023 Iowa Farm Custom Rate Survey - Iowa State University These rates are only intended as a guide. For example, the cost of running a 320 horsepower combine on a 2,000-acre farm is $39.70 per acre for corn, equal to the cost of running a 540 horsepower combine on a 2,400-acre farm. 0.6% of price/point 10.1 and above. Since 1975 Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development has annually surveyed custom rates and rental rates to provide information to farmers and custom operators. I think it is a good time to borrow rate-wise, with some precautions. This decision may also be dependent on the amount of fall fieldwork and if those operations are performed by the farmer. Harvest will occur on all harvestable acres on a farm each year and it generally is cost effective to own the combine and grain cart for harvest operations. Because of the capital investment needed for harvesting equipment, the decision on how to manage harvest operations will generally be a long-run decision. In August, Ceres Solutions Cooperative Inc. announced to its members and customers in Clay County, Indiana, its intent to cease receiving grain effective December 31 at its Brazil and Clay City locations. Eliminating the requirement to select PLC for acreage to be eligible for the Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) insurance program also is warranted. 2885 0 obj <>stream This can be a way to reduce capital demands and cover one of the necessary harvest job tasks without the added labor costs of an additional farm operator. 2020 The per-hour rate begins at the time the machine leaves for the farm until the vac job is completed. eA@ ct1(qOJ=_V! , ypVCD_<9tZA O.kkJGQGMFR'/.~i*Aiqt/WOtOym]0|xC4K^tyQ4s#s0 %q04#7CT;X8;2K(oxFuI`=Q)6E;*pQi3p#34vAGN9#24X ,FKh`i44Y%ml'Y8o9(B>S{/ t USDA Releases Report Showing Manures Use By Crop, U.S., Five Other Ag Exporting Countries Say India Is Vastly Underreporting Its Wheat, Rice Subsidies, Ag Credit Tightens with Rising Interest Rates and Following Bank Collapses, Ideas Big and Small: Create a Culture of Creativity on Your Farm, Dust Bowl 2.0? Having a combine adequately sized for acres to be harvested is an important consideration when making harvest equipment decisions. Whats Wrong with the Current Waters of the U.S. Rule? The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) published a notice of proposed rulemaking to give States more flexibility in setting design standards for highway projects. SCO is a crop insurance product providing county coverage above farm-level coverage (see farmdoc daily, February 27, 2014). "2020 Iowa Farm Custom Rate Survey." WebIf 1,000 bushels are hauled each trip, the price at the second location would have to be ($208 / 1,000 miles) = $.208 per bushel higher to make up for the greater hauling cost. However, soybeans effective reference price did not increase above the statutory reference price during the life of the 2018 Farm Bill (2019 to 2023). 3 cents a point above 5.0%, Test Weight 1 cent from 53.9 51.0 hTj0_%o&PlHK..R=P4Dn99,,!9wqNV+ZDKAPh `'!OW5cF+mQR <>/Metadata 6449 0 R/ViewerPreferences 6450 0 R>> Both locations will continue to service the communities by way of their agronomy sales. Included for each operation are the number of reports, range, most frequently reported rate and the average rates. Rates Storage costs are around $0.03 per bushel per month. Because average custom combining costs for corn and soybeans are nearly the same as economic costs and timing could be an issue with a custom harvester, a farm with adequate labor will generally find it cost effective to own and operate a combine. A $14 reference price would be 66% higher than the current reference price. Iowa State University custom farming surveys are useful for outsourcing decisions. "Cost Management: Tillage Operations." Oats had the lowest percentage of 22% (2 out of nine years). Sporadic counties across the country also received payments. Another elevator offers this service at Shelburne in Sullivan County, which is about 22 miles from Clay City. This is subject to change with market conditions. For This was unchanged from the last available rate on December 3. 0.3% of price/point from 1.1-10.0 Improvement in outlook could come from higher prices, above trend yields without lower prices, additional government aid, cuts in costs, or some combination of those. These estimates are intended to represent costs associated with buying new machinery and owning the machinery for seven years (see Machinery Costs: Harvest Operations). Growers receiving $6.00 per bushel only need to have an 8% harvest loss to pay for drying costs of $0.50 per bushel. WebFor example, state average custom rates for harvesting corn and soybeans per acre increased to $41.63 and $40.18 from $39.34 and $37.29, respectively, two years ago. Litz said hes been having conversations with his ag clients since the announcement was made. Web1.4% per point to 15% for corn that is contracted or sold (broken on the 1/2) 1.4% per point to 15% for corn put in DP (broken on the 1/2) 1.4% per point to 14% for corn put in storage Machinery Cost Estimates: Harvesting - farmdoc MYA price estimates for 2022 are used as the marketing year is not over. This farmdoc daily (10):151, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, August 18, 2020. Web2021 Indiana Farm Custom Rates By Michael Langemeier The rates reported in this publication were compiled from questionnaires received from farmers, farm owners, farm Benchmark revenue equals benchmark price times benchmark yield, where both the benchmark yield and price are based on the five-previous values lagged one year (see farmdoc daily, September 17, 2019). However, mature soybeans can dry quickly, in a matter of hours, rather than days. To obtain the lowest costs, newer combines must be used on 1,500 acres or more per year. Plastina, A., A. Johanns and O. Massman. The effective reference price is capped at 115% of the statutory reference price or $9.66 for soybeans (8.40 x 1.15 = 9.66). The most significant appreciation in the land market in Brazil occurred in areas used for grain production, followed by sugar cane and coffee, according to the S&P Global Commodity Insights report (see Figure 1). Pricing standing corn silage 2021 Indiana Farm Custom Rates - Purdue University In some areas it may be difficult to outsource, either based on availability of a custom operator, timeliness of completing the task, or not aligning properly with how the crops were planted. WebCustom Trucking Freight Rates. For soybeans, the statutory reference price remains at $8.40 per bushel. 0-20 minutes load time @ $.13/bu 21-40 minute load time @ $.14/bu 41-60 minute load time @ $.16/bu. Industrial Hemp Planting and Production Across the country, grain storage capacity has risen sharply in larger facilities, but this doesnt help the smaller operators in more remote, rural areas. Custom Rates for Colorado Farms & Ranches in 2020 Rates for baling Unfortunately, both locations require significant investments to maintain proper services, and there is simply not enough volume for us to be able to support that decision.. The local break-even for corn this year was between $4 and $4.75 per bushel, with $10 to $11 for soybeans, depending on size variables, he said. To get to the average historical payment performance of the eight other large program crops, soybeans reference price would need to increase to $10.10, an increase of 20%. WebIn Table 5, the 1,000 bushel grain cart is assumed to be used on 1,900 acres. With a larger machine harvest could progress faster, but the cost is an extra $6 per acre. If you dont have a big cart and at least 2 combines, I charge $100/hour from the time you tell me to be there, until I get either home or to my next load. Nafziger, E. "Issues as Harvest Approaches." The equipment needed to harvest can be costly to own and operate, particularly when purchased new or relatively new. published_date | Publish on this future date. "Release of 2021 Crop Budgets." Timing of harvest is also critical in cost management considerations. Website designed and hosted by Kestrel Website Design | Ag Website Design Specialists, Kestrel Website Design | Ag Website Design Specialists. How the Drought is Washing Out Hopes of Texas Cotton Production This Year, Indias Rice Subsidies Under Fire at WTO by U.S., Thailand, and Others, After Price Shocks, Grain Prices Fall Back to Pre-War Levels, Food Inflation Concerns Persist, 9 Charts to Analyze from the 2023 FAPRI Baseline, Farmland Partners Sells 862-Acre Arkansas Farm, Weekly National Posted Prices for Peanuts, Big Shift in American Farm Policy Farming as a Low-Carbon Energy Producer. The economic cost of harvesting corn is $37.61 per acre, within $2 per acre of the custom rate average and median. For example, if the custom rate for chopping, hauling and storing silage is $10.00/ton, the value of the standing silage to the buyer is reduced to $41.23 - $10.00 = $31.23 per ton, or $624.60 per acre. The February price for all wheat, at $9.17 per bushel, is 69 cents higher than January and $3.34 higher than February 2021. Inputs are going to be significantly higher next year. 2020 Accurate operational cost data are key to public agencies decisions to fund roadway projects, and the efficient movement of freight and commodities, including grain, depend on these projects. WebCost per bushel is useful when producers are comparing marketing alternatives. 2Based on costs in Table 4 and harvest of 1,900 acres. 2021: The 2021 MYA price was $13.30, well above the 2021 ARC-CO benchmark price of $8.95. Schnitkey, G., K. Swanson and N. Paulson. Cost Management: Harvest Operations - farmdoc daily Most of the farmers in the 1,500- to 1,800-acre category already truck greater distances depending on prices. Farmland Prices in Brazil More than Doubled in the Last Three When thinking about the possibility of hiring a custom operator, there are several other factors to consider. But with a recent farm-related injury, young children at home, and a successful farm insurance brokerage to run, the added prospect of hauling his grain nearly 40 miles instead of 10 was just too much. Although the actual costs will vary from farm to farm, and are dependent on the number of acres and the size or capacity of the equipment used, the averages presented here can be used as a guide. Recently released crop budgets (farmdoc daily, August 4, 2020) project losses for corn and soybeans on Illinois farms, given current assumptions for 2021. The lack of historical payment support, even during a trade war which significantly impacted soybeans, suggests that PLC has been relatively ineffective at providing price risk management for soybeans. Percentages were calculated from PLCs inception in 2014 to 2022. U?D.s?f{O*lIBCy=r>mbI0|Y"!w' 6@GLuG}iUw49"ZS..a2dB65*I"X^B^UGaHWMql@a=z!}"c?| o7}0FJ@6c\'"f{RcZ5s5D["}%g=_{hg@ID?a>UxZ`EG,E>qFlsLwt:dw{7Un66/`rk/@I_x7@wU:;N/(=`W@6A jyBi%tRbtBwu?]W7/tTCXl E:TW+]-fHyN%N8A_v\ cwiLXMC Qu;$t4))pvtA&H8):D/=q!Gm,$\X2:H XyDXBNt$(9b4qRG5}sNfl-Zzq:{F$f/ZeA]FZ D2ZidI;!OQE]u( - ! And it never helps when a local grain elevator announces its intent to stop receiving grain. The views or opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and may not reflect those of AGDAILY. For the week ending December 14, the U.S. average diesel fuel price increased 3.3 cents from the previous week to $2.559 per gallon, 48.7 cents below the same week last year. To obtain a payment in 64% of the years, the average payment rate across all other crops, soybeans statutory reference price would have to be $10.10, 20% higher than the current level. Given the close comparison of economic costs to custom rate costs, it likely would not make sense for a farm to hire a custom combine or grain cart if those pieces of machinery are already owned unless the farm plans to make a long run decision to change approach and sell the equipment. Computing a Grain Storage Rental Rate | Ag Decision To calculate the tax rate for qualifying transactions, subtract 5.00% from the sales tax rate that would normally apply at the location where the purchase is made. Fall contracts and DP are shrunk to 15% moisture. "Cash Rents in 2020 and 2021." Understanding the difference in the intent of the two reports, and acknowledging some differences in general assumptions (for example, fuel rate of $2.50 versus $2.63 per gallon), explains the potential differences in rates reported from each source. The economic cost of harvesting soybeans is $32.70 per acre, nearly $3 per acre below the custom rate average and median. Over 16% subject to rejection, Damage This is particularly problematic for farmers who cash-rent their ground for a fixed price. Grain Transportation Report Datasets | Agricultural PLC and ARC-CO for Soybeans: Payments and Perspectives If kernels lose moisture without changing size or shape to become more dense, yield loss occurs (see Nafziger, October 3, 2003). Schnitkey, G., C. Zulauf, K. Swanson, J. Coppess and N. Paulson. Custom operators to haul grain are generally available for hire, and at a cost that is the same as the farmers cost of owning and operating. Rubeck said he made it a point to arrange for his land to be farmed next year by another family farmer, who may be able to pick up more ground yet as a result of this move. The 2018 flat rate charge per acre was $26.10, up $0.43 from 2016. As a result, ARC-CO payments occurred in many counties. In September this year, the Ag Economy Barometer, a nationwide monthly survey of producers, reported a drop of 14 points to a reading of 124, the weakest sentiment of farmers since July 2020 when it hit 118 amid the first big wave of COVID-19 quarantine measures. Besides fundamental supply and demand conditions, myriad other factors determine rates for grain hopper trucks, including basis, export market perspectives, fuel price, inventory, storage costs, back haul availability, and historical rates. The charge for use of the vac-u-lator for farm-stored grain (or grain mishaps) is $100/hour with a minimum of $200. Monticello, IL 61856, 1998-2023 Topflight Grain Cooperative. endstream endobj 2887 0 obj <>stream %PDF-1.7 % Smaller producers like Rubeck simply say its time to get out, as the added cost of transport to another grain elevator being the last straw. That said, a local elevator is always good to have around for the larger farmers who rent smaller fields in remote areas. Here are some of ags biggest pageants, Timber fumigation plans in rural West Virginia spark backlash. An $8.57 reference price is 6% higher than the current $8.40 statutory reference price. 1Based on costs in Table 4 and harvest of 1,400 acres. PLC and ARC-CO for Soybeans: Payments and Perspectives This represents a 27-percent decrease in outstanding Other grades subject to market conditions, Moisture 1.4% shrink/half percent of moisture from 13.1 15.0% "ARC-IC: Payment Examples and Revised 2019 ARC-IC Payment Calculator." 3.5 cents per point of moisture, per bushel, removed above 24.0%, split on half points. farmdoc daily (10):147, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, August 11, 2020. Corn: To trigger in 56% of the years, soybeans statutory reference price would have to be above $9.40, 16% higher than the current statutory reference price. Farmers who own and operate their own machinery for harvest operations are able to make these decisions and select an optimal harvest order and timing. grain elevator's closure the last 420 W. Marion Pacific Northwest (PNW) grain inspections decreased 31 percent from the previous week, while Mississippi Gulf inspections increased 15 percent. WebFor the week ending February 6,unshipped balancesof wheat, corn, and soybeans totaled 22.7 million metric tons (mmt). DRYING RATES WILL BE APPLIED TO WET BUSHELS. Sealed grain storage must be paid when the warehouse receipt is issued. Infested 10 cents/bushel farmdoc daily(9):203,Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,October 29, 2019. WebThe total number of bushels in one load can not exceed 1,200. due to weight restrictions per load imposed by the Tennessee Department of Transportation (80,000 lb maximum). farmdoc daily(12):97,Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,June 29, 2022. They are not to be interpreted as the rates you must charge or pay. Laurel Mann, corporate spokeswoman for Ceres Solutions Cooperative, said she understands many members and customers are unhappy about the decision, but ultimately its in the best interest of the members. Moisture 1.4% shrink/point of moisture. Net corn export sales were 1.362 mmt, down 1 percent from the past week. The seeds can absorb moisture overnight, so timing of harvest within a day may be important (see Nafziger, September 16, 2017). Kansas Custom Rates 2018 These cost estimates can be useful when performing a harvest operation for another individual. Based on the above comparisons, the following suggestions result: Further note that that these decisions are longer run in nature as well. Inspections of wheat dropped notably from the previous week as shipments to Asia and Latin America decreased. "ARC-CO: Background, Payments, and Perspectives for Corn." +54A8Xot#Egne7Awj]2l;o g] RA9DY#FK1AL31 jRtd?RO>]6gxqkROYX. Given all that, its increasingly problematic for producers under about 1,500 acres to handle the increased costs associated with trucking grain an extra 20 to 40 miles, let alone finance extensive capital improvements such as bins on their own farm, he said. If this is not occurring, another option may be lower cost. ARC-CO is a revenue program that makes payments when county revenue is below 86% of benchmark revenue. USDA Announces 2020 Loan Rates for Wheat, Feed Grains, Oilseeds, Rice Outsourcing the task would reduce capital costs and may be a cost minimizing solution for some farms. And farmers may find the optimal order requires switching back and forth between corn and soybeans multiple times. Within the next 10 days (starting December 11), 66 vessels were expected to be loaded50 percent more than the same period last year. % These rates are only intended as a guide. But with the spike in fertilizer prices this year and the increased certainty of higher costs next year, the prospect of a big capital expenditure on the grounds could be risky. In a letter sent to Clay City and Brazil grain customers by Ceres Solutions Cooperative CEO Jeffrey Troike dated August 12, producers were informed that: It has been determined that, due to the age and condition of our grain facilities, and also due to declining utilization, Ceres Solutions will no longer receive grain at the Clay City and Brazil locations as of December 31, 2021. Plenty Of Stormy Weather To Come With Water Issues, Georgia Peanut Commission Approves Funding For FY 2023-2024 Research Projects, Large Explosion and Fire Breaks Out at South Fork Dairy in Dimmitt, Texas Monday Night, Ag Conference in Cuba Focuses on Engagement With the Private Sector, Saving Landfill Space: Researchers Develop Washable Antimicrobial Wipes, USDA Announces $75 Million To Assist Producers Transitioning To Organic, USDA Releases Map Showing Where Beginning Farm Operations Are Located. Wheat: To trigger in 67% of the years, soybeans statutory reference price would have to be above $10.10, 20% higher than the current statutory reference price. Farmers who hire a custom operator may not be able to find an operator who can harvest in optimal timing, or may not be able to find an operator who is willing to switch between crops or follow an order of maturity. Combines are the largest cost machinery item on most Midwest grain farms. Rubeck harbors no ill will toward the cooperative and said hes always liked their employees. For example, increasing all crop reference prices by 5% would benefit those crops already having a higher chance of receiving PLC payments at current reference price levels, exacerbating the budgetary impacts of such a change. Farms that own a grain drying and storage facility may have additional incentive to do all harvest operations themselves. }Q~;O@4miP5BE7ymQwE#w,WH%)Q [C\mi@6V+27[g*@KU2+%xB.>^dfwWkrqr?nefuL "The Agricultural Risk Coverage County Level (ARC-CO) Option in the 2018 Farm Bill." For farms in that situation, the cost of retaining that equipment to use as needed is comparatively lower than the economic cost of a newer implement because depreciation and interest make up a large portion of the economic costs. U.S. Class I railroads originated 27,950 grain carloads during the week ending December 5. Some farms may have to comply with special requirements of land or business owners. The new regulation will let States follow the updated standards of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, among others, without requiring an FHWA exception. WebA typical rate is an initial charge of 9 to 16 cents per bushel for the first 3 months of storage and an additional charge of from 2 to 4 cents per bushel for each additional month. For a detailed statement, please see the University of Illinois Copyright Information and Policies here. Schedule of Rates - Goodwine Coop Several options exist for reducing non-land costs, such as previously covered tillage related costs (farmdoc daily, August 18, 2020) and this article focusing on harvest related costs. The only good news he could see is that the decision to close might create an opportunity for a smaller organization to perhaps open an elevator service to fill the gap. ]j0IGH#wC.Sr>82:8wN|f%E"a;D"Wt(@=X( \.q5;%z_wloyWb}AE,m/BjE&fRAM.Bv @[o|vwvf^oVku8fj6JPKjU :tP`&j*IUNlJ9&7&d0i[wISndSU{uq^r[nYOa!6F.5afU&Emv]erbxbkDJKN0ry)G-uIY)7Z2?vjvnsU|?J(-I7c!J[r=,cup,x{CE~r+/OZ3$|my7Mw)Gn@XI 7c S] ` c1`^>c ic9t{yQ Computing a Grain Storage Rental Rate PLC was instituted in the 2014 Farm Bill, and triggers payments when the market year average (MYA) price is below the statutory reference price. Another improvement would be eliminating the requirement to enroll in PLC to purchase SCO. Beginning Farmers, Ranchers Increase As Total Farm Numbers Decrease, USDA: Number of U.S. Farms Decline; Farm Size Grows Slightly, Rural Heroes: John Deere Supports Volunteer Firefighters With Documentary Film, The Electric Farm: Rick Rottinghaus Plots A Future Beyond Gasoline And Diesel, Mississippi River Flooding Expected to Peak at the 7th Highest Level Ever Near Quad Cities Next Week, Consistency Key in Thrips and Nematode Protection in Cotton, Arkansas Future Ag Leaders Tour Offers Professional Development, Networking Opportunities For College Students, 6 Steps To Keep Ag Aviation Operators and Drones Safe, Groups Work to Streamline Technical Service Provider Credentials with Other Accreditation, 340 Stakeholders Plead for Ag Research Infrastructure Funding in the Farm Bill, 4 Items EPA Discussed this Week that Will Impact Producers, Arkansas Rice Farmer Testifies Before Senate Ag Subcommittee on Farm Bill Conservation Programs.
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