Montstuart Elphinstone A [70] The harbour was also developed during his governorship, with space for the berthing of 20 ships. The American Civil War (186165) and the resulting cutoff of cotton supplies to Britain caused a great trade boom in Bombay. Cholera epidemics hit unsanitary cities hardest, and The Times newspaper in London labelled cholera "the best of all sanitary reformers". The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. By 1000 BCE, the region was heavily involved in seaborne commerce with Egypt and Persia. Their religious practices could be summed up as animism. 1890. [157] The climatic Quit India rebellion was promulgated on 7 August 1942 by the Congress in a public meeting at Gowalia Tank. Rajagopalachari. The islands were wrested from Pratapbimba's control by Mubarak Khan, a self-proclaimed regent of the Khalji dynasty, who occupied Mahim and Salsette in 1318. How changing demography could affect Mumbai's politics 19th Century Transportation Movement Westward expansion and the growth of the United States during the 19th century sparked a need for a better transportation infrastructure. [80] The arrival of many Indian and British merchants led to the development of Bombay's trade by the end of the seventeenth century. [33] On Rai Qutb's death in 14291430, Ahmad Shah I Wali of the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan captured Salsette and Mahim. [11], The islands were under Muslim rule from 1348 to 1391. [135] On 11 August 1893, a serious communal riot took place between the Hindus and Muslims, when a Shiva temple was attacked by Muslims in Bombay. [75][76] Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India. The original work is not included in the purchase of this review. . [128] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian. [79] After a payment made by the British to Aurangzeb, the ruler of the Mughal Empire, Yakut evacuated Bombay on 8 June 1690. 1803 - Fire. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world . [162] In April 1950, Greater Bombay District came into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbs and Bombay City. each given over to one person, and a common toilet. In the 19th and early 20 century, the population of Mumbai mainly consisted of those born outside. By Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. Yet, as the population increased, unkempt, overcrowded, and unsanitary conditions became more widespread. Covering South Asia, South-East Asia, China, and Japan, this quarterly journal publishes original research articles concerned with the history, geography, politics, sociology, literature, economics, social anthropology and culture of the area. Request Permissions, Review by: As new provinces were settled, new cities began to spring up, and by the 1910s half of all Canadians were living urban, rather than rural lives for the first time. Technology has changed the world in many ways, but perhaps no period introduced more changes than the Second Industrial Revolution. - Internet Geography Why is Mumbai growing? Note: This article is a review of another work, such as a book, film, musical composition, etc. Further tectonic activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea. [11] The Kalachuris of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth century,[15] which were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan in the sixth and early part of the seventh century. A new development took place with the opening of Theater of Conflict, City of Hope: Mumbai, 1660 to Present Times. Trombay and Chembur were granted to Dom Roque Tello de Menezes, and the Island of Pory (Elephanta Island) to Joo Pirez in 1548. Mumbai in 1888. [171] During the 1970 there were Bombay-Bhiwandi riots. Mumbai was lashed by torrential rains on 2627 July 2005, during which the city was brought to a complete standstill. With the rapid increase in the number of mills, [citation needed] During the English East India Company's rule in mid-18th century, it emerged as an important port city, having maritime trade contacts with Mecca, Basra etc. [7] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. Mazagaon was granted to Antonio Pessoa in 1547. In the latter part of the 19th century, many cotton spinning and weaving mills also came up in Bombay. [109] The earliest riots occurred at Mahim in 1850, in consequence of a dispute between two rival factions of Khojas. In 1661 it came under British control as part of the marriage settlement between King Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, sister of the king of Portugal. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. [67] In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay, which had become the administrative centre of all the west coast settlements then. [48] Parel, Wadala, Sion, and Worli were granted to Manuel Serro between 1545 and 1548, during the viceroyalty of Joo de Castro. Under the Yadavas of Devagiri (later Daulatabad; 11871318), the settlement of Mahikavati (Mahim) on Bombay Island was founded in response to raids from the north by the Khalji dynasty of Hindustan in 1294. [133] The Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888. [25] He built the first Babulnath temple in the region and introduced many fruit-bearing trees, including coconut palms to the islands. Influence Of British Colonialism On Indian Culture In The 19Th Century [55] By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the Marathas. Growth of a city Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other [55] In 1670, the Parsi businessman Bhimjee Parikh imported the first printing press into Bombay. Thus, the increase in new territories claimed in the first 75 years of the 19th century averaged about 83,000 square miles (215,000 square kilometres) a year. The population would grow gradually throughout the 19 th century, rising to over 240 million by 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. Following this, many artisans and construction workers from Andhra Pradesh migrated to Bombay and settled into the flats which were constructed by the Hornby Vellard. [97] The construction of the Sion Causeway (Duncan Causeway) commenced in 1798. The Remaking of Bombay The last years of the 19th century ended with a textile manufacturing boom, and attracted huge numbers of workers to a city unprepared to give them healthy living quarters. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America's northeastern region. 1838. [120] Tramway communication was instituted in 1873. [137] Around 850,000, amounting to half of the population, fled Bombay during this time. [84], In 1737, Salsette was captured from the Portuguese by Maratha Baji Rao I and the province of Bassein was ceded in 1739. The next step was the completion of the Sion Causeway in The pioneering work of Solow (1957) and Abramovitz (1956) both suggested that expansion in labor and capital accounted for no more than 15% of total growth in US output per head between the middle of the 19th century and the 1950s. In the year to March, Apple's revenues in India were almost $6bn, an increase of nearly 50% on a year earlier, according to Bloomberg. According to the treaty, the islands of Mumbai and Bassein were offered to the Portuguese. [73] On 20 February 1673, Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India attacked Bombay, but the attack was resisted by Aungier. The city's physical structure and land use has been greatly influenced by its movement patterns (migration into . He was the first to realise that the Fort walls were now superfluous, In Mumbai, there were three or four of these tribes. The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. [146] Lord Willingdon convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. 20th Century | The Canada Guide since all the enemy powers were now subjugated. [161], After the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 Sindhi refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Maharashta Region. 19th Century History of Mumbai: Mumbai/Bombay pages The Koli, an aboriginal tribe of fishermen, were the earliest known inhabitants of present-day Mumbai, though Paleolithic stone implements found at Kandivli, in Greater Mumbai, indicate that the area has been inhabited by humans for hundreds of thousands of years. So the Dabbawala service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home. revival. [141] The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme, the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay, was formulated in 18991900 by the Bombay City Improvement Trust to relieve congestion in the centre of the town, following the plague epidemics. A crowded town had grown up north of the walled fort and the eastern port To begin with, employers accommodated these workers in the [35] The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Mahim, built in honour the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. 1 Demographic research suggests that at the beginning of the 19 th century no country in the world had a life expectancy longer than 40 years. [138] On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. of Marathi speaking migrants from the ghats, adding yet another flavour to [77], Yakut Khan landed at Sewri on 14 February 1689,[78] and razed the Mazagon Fort in June 1690. Bombay plague epidemic - Wikipedia In 1857 the first spinning and weaving mill was established, and by 1860 the city had become the largest cotton market in India. Nigel Harris' paper set out to examine Bombay's rise in the early 19th century was how cities are reacting to competing in an at a time when the Peshwa kingdom was open world economy and second, how collapsing and this led to a congregation Bombayof might perform in the same context. Social and Religious Reform Movements Of 19th Century - Testbook Later, Cooke managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala for the English. In 1885 the first session of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party; a focus of both pro-Indian and anti-British sentiment until independence) was held in the city, where subsequently, at its 1942 session, the Congress Party passed the Quit India resolution, which demanded complete independence for India. In the 70s, nearly 60 per cent of all elected representatives in the Assembly seats of Mumbai were non-Marathi speakers. [49] Salsette was granted for three years to Joo Rodrigues Dantas, Cosme Corres, and Manuel Corres. The social and religious reform movements of the 19th century that took place in India, had a lasting significance into the centuries that followed. Most often, the mill workers were men whose families stayed back in Governor of Bombay, and in 1864 had the walls of the fort removed. According to Fig. Sometimes, several The Economic and Political Weekly, published from Mumbai, is an Indian institution which enjoys a global reputation for excellence in independent scholarship and critical inquiry. Elphinstone was the Overcrowding, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and widespread poverty, however, remained major ongoing problems. [52] In 1560, they started proselytising the local Koli, Kunbi, Kumbhar population in Mahim, Worli, and Bassein. [166] Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960. [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba was behind the attacks.[193]. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy donated the entire sum of money required to join [citation needed]. This work was completed in 1845, but John, Lord Elphinstone. [143], The Partition of Bengal in 1905 initiated the Swadeshi movement, which led to the boycotting of British goods in India. [163] In the 1955 Lok Sabha discussions, when Bombay State was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. two streams of development. Reflections on China's Late 19th and Early 20th-century Economy [118] The Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies were started in 1863 to make Bombay merchants independent of the English. The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings. With their regional control for over 200 years, it paved a way for modernization of the country thereby significantly influencing the art, culture and architecture. During the reign of Ahmad Shah I (14111443), Malik-us-Sharq was appointed governor of Mahim, and in addition to instituting a proper survey of the islands, he improved the existing revenue system of the islands. In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. gained paramount importance in the world cotton trade. [21] The Walkeshwar Temple was constructed during the 10th century[22] and the Banganga Tank during the 12th century under the patronage of the Silhara rulers. 1857 marks a watershed in Indian history. Collectively these works make a significant contribution to the appreciation of such matters as working-class politics, the changing character of workers' neighbourhoods, land use, urban planning, and the ways the city has been imagined and experienced by its citizens. [170] In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. [10] After the decline of the Maurya Empire around 185 BCE, these islands fell to the Satavahanas. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. In 1960, following protests from the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, the city was incorporated into the newly created Maharashtra state from Bombay state. Welgos/Getty Images. Indigenous tribals have inhabited Mumbai (Bombay) since the Stone Age. Did you know? The islands were leased to Mestre Diogo in 1534. [55] He established the Marine force,[55] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay. VT, university, BMC, town hall, etc. A Portuguese attempt to conquer Mahim failed in 1507, but in 1534 Sultan Bahdur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, ceded the island to the Portuguese. [90] The British occupied Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja on 28 December 1774. not yet psychologically prepared for this step. [66] George Oxenden became the first Governor of Bombay under the English East India Company on 23 September 1668. [30] For the administration of the islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim. [122] Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Muhammad published by a Parsi resident. In 1348 the island was conquered by invading Muslim forces and became part of the kingdom of Gujarat. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. The bomb killed 1 and injured 25. [45] The marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Portugal on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. Colaba in 1844, establishing this newly opened up section as an Each of the studies reviewed here devotes considerable attention to developments since the 1920s. [191] On 28 July 2003, a bomb placed under a seat of a BEST bus exploded in Ghatkopar. Industrial Revolution: Definition, Inventions & Dates | HISTORY [6] The Koli fishing community had long inhabited the islands. [67] In July 1832, the Parsi riots took place in consequence of a Government order for the destruction of pariah dogs which infested the city. [100] In May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration. by the joining together of The decisive battle By the mid 19th century, Bombay had developed into one of the most important ports and trading centres in India. Dan Ives of Wedbush Securities, an investment firm . These workers were called Kamathis, and their enclave was called Kamathipura. [14] After the end of the Satavahana rule in 250 CE, the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra and Vakatakas of Vidarbha held dominion over the islands. The Bombay plague epidemic was a bubonic plague epidemic that struck the city of Bombay (present-day Mumbai) in the late nineteenth century. Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History ofMumbai* History, Culture and the Indian City: Essays by Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. [17] The Elephanta Caves also dates back to the sixth century. [199] Attacks included assault on North Indian taxi drivers and damage of their vehicles. [121] The Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), originally set up as a tramway company: Bombay Tramway Company Limited, was established in 1873. [2] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. Economic Growth Originally a nation of farmers, fishermen, loggers, and fur traders, the dawn of the 20th century saw a full-scale transformation of Canadian society. The city was a centre of maritime trade with Persia and Egypt in 1000 bce. [178] On 17 May 1984, riots broke out in Bombay, Thane, and Bhiwandi after a saffron flag was placed at the top of a mosque. Under this agreement, the The city was built by the joining together of many islands, a process that was more or less completed by the first half of the century. [155] Bombay was affected by the Great Depression of 1929, which saw a stagnation of mill industry and economy from 1933 to 1939. 6 References. [149] In 1926, the Back Bay scandal occurred, when the Bombay Development Department under the British reclaimed the Back Bay area in Bombay after the financial crisis incidental to the post-war slump in the city. ", "Local 'army' offers to protect Bombay's 'Castella', "Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth", International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE), "Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces 313 years ago", Calcutta Magazine and Monthly Register 1832, Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 17741817, "BMC allots Rs 14 cr to upgrade Mahim Causeway", Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Gr.of Hospitals, "Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first Baronet, 18231901", "From Distrust to Reconciliation (The Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra)", "The Swadeshi Movement: Culmination of Cultural Nationalism", "BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs", Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture 1983, "About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)", "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike 25 Years On", "Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)", "Victims await Mumbai 1993 blasts justice", "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus chugs towards a new heritage look", "Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 2 killed", "Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured", "At least 174 killed in Indian train blasts", "India police: Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings", "Thackeray continues tirade against North Indians", "North Indian taxi drivers attacked in Mumbai", "HM announces measures to enhance security", "3 bomb blasts in Mumbai; 8 killed, 70 injured", "Death toll in Mumbai terror blasts rises to 19", "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. into rebuilding the core of the town into a grand showpiece. Such a group of chawls However, the population of Bombay was 4 21st century. Plague, for example, broke out in 1896. The decay of Mughal power in Delhi, the Mughal-Maratha rivalries, and the instability in Gujarat drove artisans and merchants to the islands for refuge, and Bombay began to grow. It also shaped sports culture as well as the sports industry specifically Baseball and the Football Association into what is today. (PDF) Urban growth effects for land use changes lead ing to natural During the latter half This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. II.4.1 Emergence and growth of anthropology in India-Contributions of Victorian Gothic Population of India 1800-2020 | Statista This road, which was opened on 10 November 1830, facilitated trade in a large measure. [42] During 152829, Lopo Vaz de Sampaio seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate, when the King was at war with Nizam-ul-mulk, the emperor of Chaul, a town south of the islands. East India Company; after the war it reverted to the Crown. Climate change: Rising sea, submerging islands and new conflicts Under the British, the city had served as the capital of Bombay Presidency (administrative province), and during the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was a centre of both Indian nationalist and South Asian regional political activity. [32], In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein. According to S.C. Roy the growth of anthropology in India can be classified in terms of the sources of publications such as magazines, handbooks and monograms etc. The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, passed through the arcade of the Gateway of India in Bombay on 28 February 1948,[160] ending the 282-year-long period of the British in Bombay . [67] The Bank of Bombay, the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,[106] and the Bank of Western India in 1842. xi, 270, Pds. [64][65] The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. [49] The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575. residents were paying taxes to the civil authorities for the upkeep and [43][44][45] Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun and he was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese on 23 December 1534. Modern Asian Studies promotes an understanding of contemporary Asia and its rich inheritance. Much of this money was channelled Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growth_of_Mumbai&oldid=964047190, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1951: 2,966,902 (0.1% of the world population), This page was last edited on 23 June 2020, at 08:41. Jafar emerged victorious in the battle fought with Ahmad Shah I Wali. [4] The present day city was built on what was originally an archipelago of seven islands of Mumbai Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba). The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. The existence of such From 1857, [187], During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. PDF The Shaping of Higher Education: The Formative Years in the United [190] On 13 March 2003, a bomb exploded in a train compartment, as the train was entering the Mulund station in Mumbai. After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan. other things, set out the possibility of demolition of encroachments. Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents. Growth of Mumbai - Wikipedia [31] It was reconquered by Rai Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate. The Hornby Vellard in this century. Imperialism Flashcards | Quizlet The 1920 Census revealed that more Americans lived in cities than the countryside for the first time. [47] The San Miguel (St. Michael Church) in Mahim, one of the oldest churches in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese in 1540. There was a rapid
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