The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . This article is about the historical event. available here The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) The site is now 144, Holt (2005 edn), pp. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the Pope. Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. [citation needed] [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. Franois Dubois - Wikipedia Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. [80] Apart from Anjou, the others were all Italian advisors at the French court. She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. This day led to the three Henry's war. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. 1. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. 54, Herodotus From The Histories: Manners and Customs of the Scythians 55, From The Babylonian Account of the Great Flood 58, Chapter 3 The Civilization of Greece, 1000-400 B.C.E. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. Became a Roman Catholic to bring political peace to his country Guise Family Leaders of the Roman Catholic faction during the Wars of Religion on France What was significant about the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre to the Wars of Religion on France? Here, he is relating the events leading up to the Massacre and the orders of the Queen of France, Catherine de'Medici. Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethlemy", 2021, La Dcouverte, ISBN 2348057883, Holt (2005 ed. It was remade in 1994 as La Reine Margot (later as Queen Margot, and subtitled, in English-language markets), starring Isabelle Adjani. Saint Bartholomew's Day - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Online Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) 2. [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". AP Euro Chapter 12 Flashcards | Quizlet The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre King Philip II (1527-1598). Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) Leonard Sachs appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. Component procedures may authorize DoD Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Ordering Officers to make purchases up to the simplified acquisition threshold in which three of the following cases? A. The murder of thous We are processing your request. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds, Holt (2005 ed. The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. [58] Even Tsar Ivan the Terrible expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor. [14], Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau had crossed from France to the Netherlandish province of Hainaut and captured the Catholic strongholds of Mons and Valenciennes (now in Belgium and France, respectively). Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. Glencoe World History ISBN: 9780133307023 Savvas Learning Co. 971 solutions. The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well. PDF on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Archive The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - BFW Pub Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Causes, Events, Impact - ThoughtCo However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). Fearing discovery of her complicity, Catherine met secretly with a group of nobles at the Tuileries Palace to plot the complete extermination of the Huguenot leaders, who were still in Paris for the wedding festivities. [8] The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. Family feuds and confessional choices While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. Turning to the queen, Admiral de Coligny said, "Madame, the king refuses to involve himself The massacre killed more than 10,000 people over a period of two months in the fall of 1572. Another novel depicting this massacre is Queen Jezebel, by Jean Plaidy (1953). 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". 30. 34. God grant that he may not, be caught up in another which he cannot avoid, this controversial saying by Admiral. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! 30. [60] Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup, whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: "[one] must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders,[22] and on the same day at night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. He contacted the Parisian authorities and another ambitious young man, running out of authority and power, Duke Henri de Guise (whose uncle, the clear-sighted Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, was then detained in Rome). [61] Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various conspiracy theories that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Staunch Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, and her son, Charles IX, were practical in their support of peace and Coligny, as they were conscious of the kingdom's financial difficulties and the Huguenots' strong defensive position: they controlled the fortified towns of La Rochelle, La Charit-sur-Loire, Cognac, and Montauban. western civ 14&15.docx - Brad Pennington Western Civ The Edict of Boulogne (25 June, 1573) put an end to it, granting to all Huguenots amnesty for the past and liberty to worship in those three towns. ), p. 91. [64][65] There are also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Les Huguenots (1836), very loosely based on the events of the massacre, was one of the most popular and spectacular examples of French grand opera. Recovery of cost from Governmentwide Commercial, "in step 12 of the governmentwide commercial purchase card program process, what are three situations in which the acceptor must ensure written independent receipt and acceptance?" Javascript is not enabled in your browser. [34] In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement. To which is added, the Description of a New Blazing World 567, Ren Descartes From Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy 575, Isaac Newton From Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 579, Illustration from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705) 581, John Locke From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 583, A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value, James Brophy is the Francis H. Squire Professor of History specializing in modern European history at the University of Delaware. With these words, the most popular preacher in Paris legitimised in advance the events of St. Bartholomew's Day". Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. [92], Some, like Leonie Frieda, emphasise the element within the mob violence of the "haves" being "killed by the 'have-nots'". [24][pageneeded] The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. From Pursuit of Power:Venetian Ambassadors' Reports on Spain, Turkey and Francein the Age of Phillip II, 1560-1600, by James C. Davis (New York:-HarperCollins, 1970),pp. [75] By this period the Massacre was being widely used by Voltaire (in his Henriade) and other Enlightenment writers in polemics against organized religion in general. List of ambassadors of the United States to Saint Vincent and the Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. He received his B.A. The ambassador of the United States to the Holy See is the official representative of the United States of America to the Holy See, the leadership of the Catholic Church.The official representation began with the formal opening of diplomatic relations with the Holy See by President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II in 1984.. Before the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, President . St. Bartholomew's Day massacre - Wikipedia 130, Chapter 4 The Greek World Expands, 400-150 B.C.E. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. The rituals around the royal marriage had only intensified this cleavage, contrary to its intentions, and the "sentiments of estrangement radical otherness [had come] to prevail over sentiments of affinity between Catholics and Protestants". Political Responses . 32. This serial is missing from the BBC archives and survives only in audio form. The homes and shops of Huguenots were pillaged and their occupants brutally murdered; many bodies were thrown into the Seine. For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. Three of her sons were kings of France . Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX,[2] the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. Moreover seven of them shared a previous experience [they] had actually been taken over by Protestant minorities during the first civil war"[29], In several cases the Catholic party in the city believed they had received orders from the king to begin the massacre, some conveyed by visitors to the city, and in other cases apparently coming from a local nobleman or his agent. Political Responses . 2023 OCLC Domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of OCLC, Inc. and its affiliates. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, Aug. 24, 1572 As recorded by statesman and historian, De Thou (1553-1617), who was a witness to the events on St. Bartholomew Day as a youth. 1,293 solutions. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . The assortment of material allows you to . Mons; Sommires; Sancerre; La Rochelle, War of the Three Henrys (158589) Coutras; Vimory; Day of the Barricades, Succession of Henry IV of France (158994) Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. Updates? After St. Bartholomew's the Huguenots, though bereft of their leaders, rushed to arms. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. Thenceforth the Huguenots abandoned John Calvins principle of obedience to the civil magistratethat is, to the royal authorityand adopted the view that rebellion and tyrannicide were justifiable under certain circumstances. -It caused the Huguenots to flee France Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in: The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below. Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, who himself barely escaped death. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day, Christianity Today - The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, World History Encyclopedia - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Institute for Advanced Study - The massacre of St. Bartholomews Day was an affair between neighbors. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. 136, Alexander the Great and the Limits of Conquest 150, Hellenistic Architecture in the Near East (c. 175 C.E.) Historian Barbara B. Diefendorf, Professor of History at Boston University, wrote that Simon Vigor had "said if the King ordered the Admiral (Coligny) killed, 'it would be wicked not to kill him'. Lord Acton changed his mind on whether the massacre had been premeditated twice, finally concluding that it was not. Christians did things which the Gospel condemns. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Macmillan Learning C. The third round, France : Calvinists vs. Catholics 9395 for a different emphasis. Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 The massacre caused a "major international crisis". The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. Garrison, pp. 81, Hippocrates From On Airs, Waters, and Places 93, Herodotus From The Histories: The Second Persian Invasion of Greece 100, Thucydides From The Peloponnesian Wars 106, Vase Depicting a Slave, Perhaps in a Scene from a Greek Play (c. 450 B.C.E.) [82][pageneeded]. 3. He is the author of, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7, Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 1. [87], Historians cite the extreme tension and bitterness that led to the powder-keg atmosphere of Paris in August 1572.