(1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. . (eds. M. C. 25(3): 299356. Electropalatography (EPG) of Mvita Swahili G42b shows that implosive // has a more retracted occlusion than pulmonic /t/ and // has a shorter occlusion than /t/ (Hayward et al. Firstly, it allows the amplitude of vocal fold vibration to increase during the closure, giving a particularly strong percept of voicing at the time of the release. The last of these was often described as palatal in older literature. Ladefoged, P. Gunnink, H. M.-L. This pattern may form the basis for the frequent shifting of a High tone to a later syllable. The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. (eds. Kisseberth, C. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. In Bemba M42, polar questions are marked by a final boundary L% on the final syllable, but pitch range expansion is also used (Kula & Hamann 2016). (2016) Posterior Lingual Gestures and Tongue Shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung Clicks. Figure 3.17 Jackson The velar release of a Xhosa S41 dental click is shown in Figure 3.23, which has a waveform and spectrogram of the word caca // be clear. The first unaspirated dental click has a velar burst 17 ms after the anterior click burst. Meynadier Corrections? Our recommended IPA transcription and corresponding Zulu S42 orthographic symbols is given in 19: 111131. & Recordings made by the first author of two other female speakers of Kalanga S16, one from Francistown in Botswana and one from Zimbabwe, did not replicate the pattern suggested by Mathangwane. & . Sitoe, B. Jessen, M. (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. 1992). These seven prosodic types do not account for all of the details of the individual languages. Lindemann However, from the phonetic point of view, the Bantu languages have fewer articulatorily complex consonants than is sometimes suggested. Figure 3.20 Bokamba, E. G. , The Kalanga S16 vowel pairs transcribed /i e/ and /u o/, which are acoustically equally as high as the Vove B305 pairs, differ in both F1 and F2. Fwe vowel formant means according to measurements by the second author on recordings made available by Hilde Gunnink. Contacted electrodes are shown as black squares and uncontacted ones as grey dots. Downing Ladefoged , , The members of the high vowel pairs /i / and /u / in Vove B305 have virtually the same second formant values as each other and differ only in F1. (1997) based on the principle that vowels should be expected to be roughly equally dispersed in a space defined by the major formant resonances. Carleton, T. The context-free liberty to vary place of articulation of clicks in some Bantu languages is rarely encountered with other classes of consonants. Figure 3.27 Probert Hyman M. Figure 3.19 ), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence, 168187. 24(1): 530. Miller, A. In these words there is noticeably breathy phonation during part of the consonant and at the vowel onset which is transcribed as []. A. 26(2): 235254. and Maddieson, I. (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. Ngcobo Figure 3.31 Brasington (eds. . 1999). . (1904) Kingoni und Kisutu. We propose a political theory, based on consensual . (2002) An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa. Another special laryngeal action occurs in the depressor consonants which are characteristic of certain Bantu languages of the Eastern and Southern regions. However, breathiness is not an invariable accompaniment of depression as had been proposed by Rycroft (1980). E. D. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. . , / all represent a voiced nasal (post)alveolar click. Haacke, W. H. G. Schulz, S. Rice However, these standardised transcriptions may disguise significant differences between languages, especially with respect to the nature of the vowels written /e/ and /o/. Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). (1986) Compensatory Lengthening and Consonant Gemination in Luganda. Zvegintsev, V. , (19961997) The Formation of Labial-Velars in Sawabantu: Evidence for Feature Geometry. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 393434. 39(2): 129161. In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). The (post: 303) alveolar // clicks in Zulu S42 (Thomas-Vilakati 2010) and Xhosa S41 (Doke 1926: 303) are retracted in comparison to pulmonic alveolar consonants such as /t/ and /s/. It is noteworthy that none of the Bantu languages of East Africa appear to have acquired clicks from the surviving or former languages of this area with clicks (Maddieson et al. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 116. (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. (1959) A Grammar of Northern Transvaal Ndebele. , Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Pulleyblank This term was originally applied to consonants which have a particularly salient lowering effect on the pitch of the voice in their neighbourhood (Lanham 1958). & Gisamba (ISO 639-3: smx) is a nearly undocumented and undescribed as well as highly endangered Bantu language spoken in the Kwilu and Kwango provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (2016) Tone and Vowel Length in Fwe (Bantu, K402). Jessen, M. Readers unfamiliar with acoustic analysis might see Ladefoged (2000) for an introduction to the concept of a formant. Figure 3.34 Sands Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. Studies in African Linguistics Gowlett, D. F. Shosted, R. K. & Meinhof, C. & Recording courtesy of Constance Kutsch Lojenga. An unusual VOT contrast between partially voiced plosives and fully voiced stops, possibly implosives, has been described in Bekwel A85b (Cheucle 2014: 287) and the Kanincin variety of Ruwund L53 (Demolin 2015: 495). 1981, Poulos 1990). (ed. In this particular token there is a long lag between the time the velar closure is made and when the front closure is sealed, about 80 ms later. Figure 3.29 Journal of Phonetics 8s. The equalisation of internal and external pressure at release occurs much more quickly in post-alveolar clicks than for dental and lateral clicks. The high vowels /i/ and/u/ are lower and more centralised than those in Xhosa S41 and Kalanga S16 and could be transcribed [] and [], respectively. 16: 385400. Stankowski Clements, G. N. African Studies In Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. T. J. (1999) Ikalanga Phonetics and Phonology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study. Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. A. A. (1997) The Dispersion-Focalization Theory of Vowel Systems. Chen, Y. M. M. Another feature of interest is the presence of a cross-linguistically rare contrast between nasalised and oral glottal approximants (/h/ and /h/) found in Kwangali K33 (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996: 132). , The Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati- cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. Engstrand, O. & Namaseb 29(2): 101114. P. 46(2): 219228. ), Namibian Languages. (1992) Kinyamwezi: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary. Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. L. net. & & (eds. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 365392. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 321364. (2001) Corpus Applications for the African Languages, with Special Reference to Research, Teaching, Learning, and Software. Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). There have been relatively few acoustic studies of other Bantu five-vowel systems, but Swahili G42 (Nchimbi 1997) has a pattern similar to Xhosa S41, while Bemba M42 (Hamann & Kula 2015), Ndebele S44 and the Zezuru variety of Shona S12 (Manuel 1990) have a pattern similar to Kalanga. Hon (2015) Prehistoric Language Contact in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Area: Khoisan Influence on Southwestern Bantu Languages. & Determine their location, language, culture, and place in society in their country/region. ), A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World, 381427. (ed. 123). Schadeberg Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). Rialland, A. Glasgow: University of Glasgow. & A. 30: 152. S. & Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. & & Figure 3.11 Vowel height, backness and rounding can all be factors in control of Bantu harmony. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab Naidoo 2007), which is auditorily reminiscent of a lateral click. B. Figure 3.29 Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Fehn Zsiga Fwe has four accompaniments including a voiceless nasal accompaniment (Gunnink forthcoming) not known to occur in any other Bantu language. Maho, J. London: SOAS. A rapid reduction in the number of click contrasts occurred more than 100 years ago in the far-flung varieties of Nguni known as Ngoni N12 (Elmslie 1891, Spiss 1904, Doke 1954); Ngoni speakers subsequently shifted from Nguni to languages of the Manda N10 group (Maho 2003). The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. & . Patin, C. 4 (1937), pp. Mongo-Nkundu C61 has reduction of final lowering, while Zulu S42 and Southern Sotho S33 cancel penultimate lengthening in question prosody. P. Lodhi Figure 3.29 Sands, B. Byrd & Moyo, C. T. 91. The mechanism of producing clicks is now fairly well understood and is illustrated by the sequence of midsagittal real-time MRI in These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in , which represent the arc of the teeth and the vault of the palate. 60(4): 231260. 5(8): 813820. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | Contact us | Help & FAQs 13(2): 171196. Makuya B. ISBN: Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. Most Bantu languages are reported as having two series of plosives, voiced and voiceless, and this follows the Proto-Bantu reconstruction of Meeussen (1967). These languages have some prosodic features different from English, not widely discussed in the literature. & T. N. a thorough treatment of both the syntactic and semantic characteristics of the external and internal arguments. Romero, J. In Bantu, this is typically not the case; the vocal folds are in the normal position for voicing. 59: 150179. Executive Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics Ltd., High Wycombe, England. R. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 1989, Sitoe 1996), but their functional load in these lects is not well known. & Journal of Phonetics Figures 3.143.16 In In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. & Persson, J. (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. (2015) On Medumba Bilabial Trills and Vowels. Cleveland: Central Mission Press. & Tswa S51 may be one such case, as the last attestation was by Persson (1932). (1972) Numerical Simulation of Vowel Quality Systems: The Role of Perceptual Contrast. Bonn: ISCA-Secretariat. & (2010) Work on Spoken (Multimodal) Corpora in South Africa. Journal of West African Languages & Gunnink shows a realisation of a medial instance of the same segment in the word /k/ to suck. In this case there is no consonantal nasality. Hubbard, K. Rialland . Khumalo Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. London: Gregg International. (1994) A Linguistic Analysis of Northern Sotho. Malambe, G. B. Figure 3.1 Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. In Thornell (2017) Chiikuhane (Subiya) Manual with Orthography. Zerbian, S. Laboissiere Doke, C. M. Elderkin (1969) Tone in Bantu. In Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ Volume 4: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan System. Doke, C. M. ), The Khoesan Languages, 435444. 2003). Hombert, J. M. Liljencrants, J. B. (2016) Intonation in Bemba. Downing, L. J. Strasbourg: Institut de Phonetique, available online: Miller, A. ), Proceedings of Laboratory Phonology 9, 643656. & The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in & Y. D. L. Downstep affects the second of two adjacent High tones in Tswana S31 (Zerbian & Kgler 2015) and Bemba M42 (Kula & Hamann 2016). & For individuals learning English as a second language, it is common for the phonemic system of their first language to influence the production of sounds in English. (2015) Insights from the Field. 21(2): 161178. Vossen, R. The click in the word [ruoma] papyrus in 2015). Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 ugutwi [ugutkwi] ear; same speaker as Figure 3.14. The phonetic realisation of dental and alveolar consonants is dependent on the airstream mechanism. 27: 6580. Y. (2002) Voice Quality Differences Associated with Stops and Clicks in Xhosa. , London; New York: Routledge. O. T. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. Gieseke, S. & , Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. Trenton; Asmara: Africa World Press. , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2005) The Phonetics and Phonology of Sengwato, a Dialect of Setswana. Makasso, E.-M. shows a typical example of /o/ in the word /ko/ to go; /o/ has a low F2 (below 1000 Hz). The articulatory contacts can then be examined using stylised displays such as those in Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. due to male/female differences in formant range. Linguistique africaine Leipzig: F.A. Myers, S. M. In (2005) Vowel Duration and Neutralization of Vowel Length Contrasts in Kinyarwanda. (eds. In both cases aspects of timing are particularly relevant. Naidoo, S. Bladon, A. Passy, P. Niesler, T. (2007) The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. (2006) Low Vowels andTtransparency in Kinande Vowel Harmony. Kgler In Changana S53, whistling fricatives occur with a rounded lip posture (Shosted 2011) rather than the narrowed lip posture seen in Shona S10, Kalanga S16 and Tsonga S53. (2011) Grounded Constraints and the Consonants of Setswana. Figure 3.28 Lanham, L. W. (2011) Corrected High Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound with Software Alignment. (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. (2011) All Depressors Are Not Alike: A Comparison of Shanghai Chinese and Zulu. Pretoria: van Schaik. . Hyman, L. M. Kawahara Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one.