Herds of cattle or camels were not allowed to go there unless there was an extremely severe drought. Then they had to build a traditional hut known as galma especially on a free and fresh area. hb``e``~p:XaSj0ck"/ H0w4 W1MdP+ggc` X _D8{NZ8008da4`8a@QI"Aw ~9 In the border regions of Ethiopia-Kenya and southwestern Somalia, one estimate places about 1,094,000 people as Boranas. The Eleven Regular Gadaa cycle among the Boran Among the Boran people the Gadaa System embraces eleven basic Gadaa grades: five active, five passive and one liminal (full retirement) stage. Ibrahim A. Elemo (M.D., MPH)* Book The role of traditional institutions among Borana Oromo, [] communities. Abagadha is anointed at an early age of 1-8 years. 0000014355 00000 n The rules are to be enforced by different agents who work together. .Married men could also participate or send representatives to the assembly. The Borana Gada council of Ethiopia has been involved in Kenyan democratic elections for a long time to achieve the desired political goals. Hence, among the Borana, late-born sons of a man should be introduced to the same Gadaa grade as his brothers despite the difference in their age. Among the Boran, however, similar (age wise) male generations will undergo a variety of rites of passage together as they approach each new phase every eight years. His eyes still shine with the rigors of his youth. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Design a site like this with WordPress.com, Jatani Ali Tandhu: Life & Legacy of a Borana Stateman - Medianorth, The Sakuye People and Their Origin - Medianorth, MCA condemn rape at Marsabit Referral Hospital, SPEECH BY H. E. ALAMITU JATTANI FIRST LADY, MARSABIT COUNTY DURING THE COMMEMORATION OF WORLD AIDS DAY HELD ON SATURDAY THE 1ST DECEMBER, 2018 AT LAISAMIS SUB-COUNTY HOSPITAL GROUNDS, Three arraigned in Court After an Attempt of Defrauding a Business Woman, Isiolo County Senator Dulo Holds a Workshop with Isiolo Residents, Man Accused of Rape at Marsabit Referral Hospital. Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the They are all in an immediate stage to the Gadaa stage called Dori. In this regard, due to the rigidity of the Gadaa principle, the moment a member of the family fails to stick to the rules of timing for legitimate procreation, the whole generational chain is brought out of step. The class forms its own internal officials (adula hayyus) and its own assembly (yaaaa). In his comparative analysis of East African age-sets system. The Borana are known by a generation set Organization, which is believed to guide every aspect of their life, called off the Gadaa system and Borana people are notable for their historic Gadda political system. One of the most important activities during the ceremony is hair shaving and giving him the new appropriate name, mostly one of the names of their ancestors. The assembly had the president, two vice presidents and. The nomenclature of the ceremony of passage to Gadamoojjii itself is known as the rite of incense exchange (qumbi wallraf udachu not balli walirrafuchu). 185 32 By Kana Golicha on 19th February 2022 | . Corporal punishment of dabballe is strictly prohibited. This system is not only well developed and well preserved among the Borana Oromo but also a viable socio-political system to date, comparable to no other region in Oromiya. RAABA GADAA | LIST OF ABBA GADA BORANA - Facebook HWn6C! Hence elementary age-sets are organized in such a way that male generations who are approximately the same age share similar collective military, economic, political or ritual responsibilities. These two concepts Gadaa-sets and Gadaa-grades are important to a clear understanding of Gadaa. 0000013937 00000 n They are economically affected and politically caught between these colonial governments and many struggles between them. The Borana is one of the two major subgroups of the Oromo people.They live in the Borena Zone of the Oromia Region and Liben Zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia, former Northern Frontier District of Northern Kenya,Tana River in the former coast province of Kenya and also in central Somalia.Boranas living in Kenya and Ethiopia speak a dialect of Oromo and those living in central Somalia share . Second, in Boran Gadaa System there are five Gadaa classes that are basically cyclic (i.e. The more the elements decrease (e.g. A party come to power once every forty years. Indigenous Environmental Knowledge of Borana Pastoralists Indigenous democratic system of governance used by Oromo people, Asmarom Legesse, "Gadaa: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society", 1973, Asmarom Legesse, "Oromo Democracy: an Indigenous African Political System", 2006, Donald Levine, "Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society", 1974, Z. Sirna, "Ethiopia: When the Gadaa Democracy Rules in a Federal State", 2012, "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo", "Sustaining generations of Indigenous voices: Reclaiming language and integrating multimedia technology", "The Gadaa System and Some of Its Institutions among the Booranaa: A Historical Perspective", "A heroic send-off for Aliyi Cirri, a pioneer Oromo freedom fighter whose courage and bravery inspired generations", "The Gada sysytem; full Dimocratical politics of Oromo;71stBorana BalliHand overing Day Febrawary 2009/20017:The Gada of Kura Jarso", "Gada System inscribed in UNESCO as Intangible World Heritage", "The 2015 Commemoration of Odaa-Bultum (One of the Major Oromo Gadaa System's Administrative Centers)", "A Journey to Revitalizing Gadaa at Odaa Hullee: Tracing Jimma University's Unwavering Commitment", "A Future Gaze: Gadaa Oriented Constitutional Structure for Oromia", "Waa'ee Gadaa wantoota beekuu qabdan shan", "BitGadaa | Futuristic African Democracy", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadaa&oldid=1131025659, Articles with dead external links from December 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Each Gadaa class remains in power during a specific term (Gadaa ) which begins and ends with a formal transfer ceremony. [10], The Gada system has been inscribed by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage since 2016. As of today the Borana boundaries were infiltrated by all three current governments surrounding the Borana territory which include Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia. Accordingly, the objective of the election is obviously to elect members of a Gada Council (executive organ) known as the Gadaa Council (adula), which includes the Abba Gada office and others (more discussion on the Gadaa Council is held under separate section). However []. The second in command who is also the supreme leader of the whole Borana community is referred to as Abagadha. In Boran, the junior gamme are called the sons of Guyyo and the senior gamme are called the sons of Liban. That is, they are named after the two Abba Gadaas, Abba Gadaa Guyyo Gobba (incumbent) and Abba Gada Liban Jaldessa (ex-Abba Gadaa). The Gadaa councilors must pass through rigorous training for years about the laws and the customs of Borana, and the wisdom of leading a society before they take the position of authority in Gadaa. Herds of cattle or camels were not allowed to go there unless there was an extremely severe drought. After a few minutes, the head of the council arrives, the Abba Gada or father of Gada as he was called in the Borana tongue. Change). One of the most important Gadaa grades is the Kuusa Gadaa grade. Whereas Gadaa grades are the phases of development through which the members pass. One of the peculiar features of senior gamme is their tendency to be organized as responsible friends hariyya and mobilize themselves for a continuous five years, especially during summer time. The members are recruited based on genealogical generations (2). ;.En!PHI It was the central institution of the Oromo people that contain complex and extraordinary features. Furthermore, Abba Gadaa (the president) belonging to the outgoing Gadaa Council has to appoint (before handing over the power to the incoming Gadaa class) six men from among the ex-members of the Gadaa Council that are now in the semi-retired (yuuba) Gadaa grade. The transition rituals by which the genealogical social group (the sons) passes from one grade to the next is performed every eight years during the life cycle. Participatory impact assessment of ticks on Borana cattle milk production was conducted from January 2010 to July 2010. Gada Harboora is considered to be the senior of the three assemblies and it is also the Gada assembly for all of the Borana society. Briefing: What is Oromo's Gada system? | Horn Affairs 0000001731 00000 n the former is horizontal and refers to the collective, the latter is vertical and defines the responsibilities assumed successively throughout their careers. ABBA GADAS: THE ANCIENT BORANA LEADERSHIP AND CONFLICT - Kenyakwetu stream It is evident from the Boran Gadaa history that there is the high percentage of premature (before assuming political power) death. For instance, the archaic nomenclatures to these Gadaa class orders are Birmaji, Horota, Bichile, Dulo, and Robale. The Concept of Peace in the Oromo Gadaa System: Its Mechanisms and Moral Dimension. Consider the above diagram (a model and summary) of the Gadaa grades. The Abagadha and others of his age pass through an education system that will last for forty years after which he will take over the leadership as Abagadha. The other Gada assemblies, Gada Hawattu and Gada Konnitu, are the assembly of leaders from Hawattu and Konnitu clan of Goona moiety of the Borana society. In this example, we have an age requirement, genealogical relationship, and moiety. Old and wise as his years, he trudges along, stick in hand. Gadaa Council) remains intact. The scope of gatherings ranges from socio-economic to cultural/entertainment activities. The Borana are known by a generation set Organization, which is believed to guide every aspect of their life, called off the Gadaa system and Borana people are notable for their historic Gadda political system. These forms of government have its own leader called Abba Gada, and Abba . Perhaps, the Age-set system might have imitated the natural course of human physical development to the structure the society. The Abbaa Duulaa (the defense minister) was also one of the leading figures in the Gadaa government. Qae is answerable to Jalab, Jalab is answerable to Qalu, and Qalu is answerable to Fite Qalu. These parties follow the five world views of the Oromo people. He Despite the emergence of various autonomous Gadaa systems, the central principles of the system remained intact. The class forms its own internal officials (adula hayyus) and its own assembly (yaaaa). In this line, one may regard that age-sets are something common among different ethnic groups of the region to the extent that there is no distinction among them. They ensured that the laws made in the higher levels of authority reached the people. This system is not only well developed and well preserved among the Borana [] Any age-sets to be an institution and be functional shall have two, at least, invariants; that is, age plus the interval of initiation or any other elements. Years ago Boranas became Muslims, three time of three consecutive Abagadhas and goes back to fully to their tradition three consecutive Abagadhas after this. For example, phrases such as Gadaa-sets Cohorts, Cadre, or Gadaa class. He was the leader of qandala (army) and was elected by the people. % The Boranas age-sets are organized in two ways: through a system where the member of each class are recruited strictly based on. what is ward 4 altnagelvin hospital - technoguru.in Moreover, they may be required to be assistants to the Gadaa Council in power. There were four senior councilors in this assembly. Politically, it has a system of government where the overall leader is God himself and many unknown things are referred as 'Waqa Bekh', a sentence that can be equated to a Supreme Being knows. 0000000016 00000 n The president was called the Abba boku. Second, the group of men who are entering into the gadamojji grade is the fathers of the fifth Gadaa grade (the raba). For the South American sub-language, see, Borana Gadaa system- a form of government that is in existence for the last 567 years, The Oromo of East Africa, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. The assembly had the president, two vice presidents and six other very important officials who ran the Borana administration. Besides, the term generation has been used in different literature in connection with kinship descent, cohort, life stage and historical periods, which further complicate it. @ gad&Cv7pc[D.~"= vadR,sH!~(lS=5nTy %MtaZ,q'I32#N+ ~t6>Es){6?9d(HDx&Axdy[?T ` L(M? |+x#nADbiCg_ SC^Y|s+WR?bry06NRIQ#kE>MOwVMIVui0CjWP!]z+*UrP% 6iy^?haM?S*p]vo+SRX'u?0TRp4r";o_YJ9PXEL' H+wdXp+AuH>NrKIz8}OcN;vcXpg e$ June 22, 2022; list of borana abba gada; alton funeral home; what is joel riley doing now . As a result, we will have early born and late-born sons. until they reach the sixth Gadaa grade). The society was structured into two distinct but cross-cutting system of the peer group. June 22, 2022; list of borana abba gada; alton funeral home; danny o'neil moving to new york They must be hurting real hard on cash and ads coming in. 29-1 Introduction Ethiopia is said to have abundant potential water resources, all emanating within its territory. Obviously, this principle is ideal in a sense that most but not all Boran people do observe the rule. The Abba Gada - Shujaa Stories As a result problem in a relation to incorporation of late or early born children often arises. Participatory impact assessment of ticks on cattle milk production in Where the former is appointed (and works voluntarily) by a Gadaa councilor and it is an honorary position; the later may be effectuated involuntarily. Boranas also have special warriors that defend the community from any enemies. Between the third and fourth Gadaa grades, boys become adolescent and initiated into taking serious social responsibilities. Each one of the Gadaa class has diversity and unity. However, for Lues all the four yuuba Gadaa grades constitute twenty-four years in sum. Accordingly, all semi-retired members belonging to all yuuba grades will attend the Gadaa General Assembly. The purpose of these activities is to first make the members of the grade be aware of their class and peer group. However, in the case of the Gadaa political system, as long as they (semi-retired men) are not declared individually incapable due to factors such as incapacity (physical or mental) and not fully retired (traditionally known as yuubomu that is after completing the four yuuba period); they have duty to serve as legal experts and advisers to Gadaa council in power. Dm7#E`{03A)]9\zzRuAS6y&0=> rcf>xO"32g|5qbmWg1K:n03{NL?eLg7f9B3M[6r|_ N!y"|wyWU}Iv)qmb?hQn4s?{y. Sirna has analysed the Gadaa system in relation to deliberative forms of political participation used in Western contexts. He takes a seat at one end of the council as he has done at the beginning of his rule, eight years in total. 0000012528 00000 n From the cradle of mankind to the superheroes of today. Moreover, as discussed elsewhere, age-sets cross-cut Gadaa classes and moieties and eventually put the Gadaa system into motion. The end of a discussion to issues was accepted without question and the Abba Muriti, the father of resolution was there to make sure of that. Both types of social groups are formed every eight years. It is reasonable to question the reason why do most indigenous peoples of East Africa including the Oromo did organize social structure based on continuous age-groupings and periodic rituals? Gadamojjii (full retirement) is the terminal and sacred stage of the Gadaa grade refers to that are entering into or going out of the gadamojji Gadaa grade. For Jalata, Gadaa represents "the totality of Oromo civilization". Gada is a complex system that incorporates pivotal institutions such as moggaasa (naturalization), guddifacha (adoption), araara (conflict resolution), gumaa (reparation), rakoo (marriage law) waaqeffannaa (Oromo religion) and Siinqee (institution to safeguard women right). Though the nomenclature of each five cyclic Gadaa classes varies across the Oromo land, in essence, all are the same. <> The end of a discussion to issues was accepted without question and the Abba Muriti, the father of resolution was there to make sure of that. Therefore, the Abba Gada in the Oromo Gada system is rightfully considered as the prime minister rather than a president who can make decisions alone. These councilors must pass through a rigorous training for years about the laws and the customs of Borana, and the wisdom of leading a society before they take the position of authority in Gada. 0000000936 00000 n Second, it is at this grade that future Gadaa councilors have to be elected. 0000002285 00000 n Portuguese products available Online we mail to all lower 48 states. Since Boranas were mixed farmers rearing cattle, camels, goats and planting food crops; farming land, grazing land, water sources and their traditional boundaries are paramount to them and in many cases fights broke out between Borana and their neighbors who take advantage of Borana kindness and forcefully rear their animals in Borana grazing land and take over some of the Borana water sources, traditionally called Tula Saglan. Abba Gada allows the Borana to estimate the stage their society has reached in its ritual progression through time (1973:188). For example, certain areas, such as forests, were set aside as refuge during drought. Gada Arboora The term or the name given to the first and most senior institution of one of the three institutional pillars of Gada (Yaa'a Gada Sadeenii) Gada Sadeenii (the three pillars of Gada) in Oromo-Borana Gada system that function together as a single body. The system organized male Oromos according to age-sets (hirya) based on chronological age, and according to generation-sets (luba) based on genealogical generation, for social and political and economic purposes. Instead, they shall be disciplined verbally and psychologically. Even other children who take refuge to a home of daballe will also be excused from any form of punishment. 12, No. Married Borana men look in their direction from afar, as they water the camels. The Gumi Gayyo assembly has the highest degree of authority than the Gadaa and other assemblies, and other assemblies cannot reverse its decisions. >3 w%Q2]H==\SZHSC3HJx{ e#ggm RvPuE2@+1oB2\$kWvctwF~EhJ6p,? Gada is an existing system in Borana Oromo. Today we seem to have forgotten these important rules, and cattle invade and damage forests every dry season. The first and the most prominent figure is . "I feel very weird announcing this, but tomorrow I begin a new journey hosting mornings on [610 WTVN]. The parliament, called Gumi Gayo, functions just like a present day senate with the same roles. The Gadaa men and Yubas duties also include transferring knowledge and skills associated with the functions of the democratic Gadaa System to the members of succeeding grades. Borana. It is, therefore, wrong to conceive the idea of retirement or leaving the office here as in the west where a person is relieved from his or her official duties and s/he cannot come back to leadership positions. However, such perception, if any, is simply not right. No Borana gatherings are recognized without the presence of either Fite Qalu or Qalu who opens the gatherings with a prayer. Old and wise as his years, he trudges along, stick in hand. Marra Grass or pasture Muru Cutting, making a judgment or decision Nagaa Peace/cosmic harmony Nagaa Booranaa Peace of Borana The Oromo society was structured in accordance with this Gada system. the Borana are among the few remaining Oromo tribes to still fully practice the Gadaa system. The Abagadha is the overall in charge of all affairs of the Borana community and answerable to the Gumi Gayo (parliament). Abba Gadas: The Ancient Borana Leadership SystemAcross the dusty plains, under the shade of acacia trees six old men can be seen sitting together. Each one of the eleven Gadaa grades equally bears eight-year periods and they are based on genealogical generations. Borana Gadaa leaders embroiled in Kenya's dirty politics. [15][16], The Oromo governed themselves in accordance with the Gadaa system long before the 16th century, when major three party wars commenced between them and the Ethiopian Empire to their north and Adal Sultanate to their east and south. Accordingly, the Gadaa Council who has been in power hands over the power to the incoming Gadaa class. Primarily, Gadaa system is an ancient philosophy of socio-political system that responsible for regulating Political stability, Economic growth, social services, Cultural commitments, Ethical contract the of religious order of the Oromo society and practice Gadaa Democracy that require equal participation of both male and female. Age is one of the basic elements for age-group formation. The president was called the Abba boku. That is, unlike the case of junior gamme the senior gamme will be constituted into two institutions: age sets and Gada class. A number of scholars have studied Gadaa. The distribution of genealogical generations (G). Explore museums and play with Art Transfer, Pocket Galleries, Art Selfie, and more. Gada institution has three Gada assemblies each with its own Abba Gada. The Oromo Society is organized into two distinct but cross-cutting systems of peer group structures. And the possession of the defining institutions of Qaallu (the spiritual leader) and the common Gadaa government seems to have been the special mark of the Oromo people. There was no taxation under this system except that Gadaaleaders and their families were provided with necessary materials, such as food, cloth, and house. Ethiopia: The Gada System - Why Denied Recognition to Be a World exists for that purpose. He concludes that the Gadaa systems' technique of 'consensus through dialogue' is unique but firmly rooted in Western democratic norms, and thus well suited to adoption within Ethiopia's federally structured democracy. These elements pop up due to the fact that recruitment to an age-set requires, in systems like Gadaa, generational relationship and in connection with that issues like the time when a son may be initiated to the system and the interval between the father and son are inevitable. 0000013416 00000 n A few of them are pulling at their scraggly white and ochre beards while nodding in agreement. Both social groups pass from one stage of development to the next every eight years. Major Oromo clans have established the centers of their Gadaa at several places based on their territorial settlement. Berlin: Reimer, 1991. Some of these old men may have also sat in the Borana Assembly, the Salgan yaa Borana. Accordingly, where the first five years of the senior gamme are characterized by joyful activities (singing, dancing and experience sharing) the remaining consecutive three years is the period of being considered as members of the Gada class rather than as a mere member of age-sets. 00:00. The Conscripts (torbie) 36 comprising seven (short-term agents). Councils like these have sat down under similar circumstances in the gentle late afternoon sun, for the last five hundred years. Each luba consists of all of the sons in another particular class. Tenna Dewo. As the age of senior gamme kicks into a more productive and extraordinary stage, so does the Kusa Gadaa grade welcome the members with different social structure, collective responsibilities and rights.
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