Bringing these considerations to class can also help teachers win over the next generation of students, given the practical pressures that equate getting students into the classroom with getting resources into the department. Cicero now moves on to the confirmatio, which, because of the simplicity of the case, is almost as brief as the narratio. The commentary likewise alerts students to some hallmarks of Ciceros Latin (e.g. His method of dealing with this prejudice is to include a lengthy passage on literature which presents Archias and his poetry in terms which the jurors will find unobjectionable, and perhaps even praiseworthy. Archias's defense was undertaken by a former pupil of his, the previous year's Consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero. He does not have documentary proof that Archias is a citizen of Heraclea, he says, because the public record office at Heraclea was burnt down in the Social War and all the records destroyed;19 but he can nevertheless produce M. Lucullus as a witness to Archias enrolment, and an official deputation has been sent from Heraclea with a written statement confirming Archias claim. I focus here on its usefulness to an introductory/intermediate-level university class, drawing partly upon my experience with C.s first edition to teach a third-semester Latin Prose course at Yale University in the Fall of 2003 to a group of 20 undergraduate and graduate students. Classical Art History, History of Scholarship of, Greek Domestic Architecture c.800 bce to c.100 bce, History of Modern Classical Scholarship (Since 1750), The. Mur. Key facts about Americans and guns | Pew Research Center (Cic. But the Luculli were aristocrats in the fishpond class (Att. In his speech defending Archias-the Pro Archia-Cicero argues that Archias was a Roman citizen. Cicero does not bother to mention the further censuses of 65 and 64, since the jury would be aware that they too had been abandoned. Catiline would presumably not have made such a remark unless he expected it at least to carry some weight with some of the senators. When he does choose to discuss an intellectual subject at length, in Pro Murena, he begins, as we have seen, by flattering the jury on their erudition, and then proceeds to describe the Stoic school of philosophy in a way which first of all assumes no prior knowledge whatsoever, not even the name of the founder, and secondly serves merely to reinforce, for his own ends, the jurys anti-intellectual prejudices.21 Cicero was to admit, many years later, that the jury that heard Murenas case were an ignorant lot (Fin. 309; Luc. "Pro Archia is a delightful speech delivered by Cicero in defense of A. Licinius Archias, a Greek poet whose eligibility for Roman citizenship was challenged in 62 bce. In 65 the tribune C. Papius had carried a law expelling from Rome all non-citizens who did not have a fixed residence in Italy: residents of Rome, therefore, who could not prove themselves Roman citizens, were liable to be prosecuted under the law and expelled from the city. But Roscius was a figure who was familiar to the jury and entirely acceptable to them (partly, perhaps, on account of his high social status, unusual for an actor): Cicero now hopes that he can lay claim to that acceptance for Archias too. That generation will be fortunate to begin reading the Pro Archia with this edition. Ciceros reasons for undertaking the defence are apparent from the speech. Module 4 Assignment.pdf - The Twelve Tables 1. The He gracefully concedes the point, but then goes on to instance some outstanding Romans who did study literature ( 16): Ex hoc esse hunc numero quem patres nostri viderunt, divinum hominem, Africanum, ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos, ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem illum senem; qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. Here again we find the elevated and lyrical style used earlier at 16; the opinion of some scholars29 that this passage isturgid is refuted by Quintilian, who cites it, sometimes with explicit approval, no fewer than six times (Inst. erature or the humanities and the law, the defense of Archias the poet is indeed a story worth recounting today and for ages hence.' Due to an eloquent, lengthy, and, arguendo, even quite unnecessary digression, Cicero's speech on the poet's behalf, Pro Auluo Licinio Archia Poeta Oratio, has justly achieved a measure This sentence, with its elegant series of carefully balanced clauses, immediately raises the question of the style of the speech: with the exception, naturally, of the narratio, the speech is pitched at a higher stylistic level than is normal in Cicero. Cicero. Pro Archia Poeta Oratio. Introduction, Text, Vocabulary, and Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica proponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam. (2010) Language and Artistry in Ciceros , Panoussi, V. (2009) Roman Cultural Identity in Ciceros, This page was last edited on 23 December 2022, at 13:40. It is clear from Pro Flacco that the sort of unremarkable, upper-class men who for the most part constituted Roman juries cannot have had any great respect for the Greek nation. Archias, who first arrived in Rome in 102 BCE, had, since the conclusion of the Social War in 89 BCE, been living as a Roman citizen and enjoying all of its attendant privileges. Being Economical with the Truth: What Really Happened at Lampsacus? A distinction is then made between those like Cicero who study literature and apply it to a useful end, such as defending people in court, and those who study it but make no practical use of it; the latter category, Cicero says, should be ashamed of themselves. The brief introduction (Section B) includes the background of the trial, defense strategy, date, outcome (probably acquittal), and an outline of the speech. It was in Rome where Archias became a mentor and teacher of Cicero in his early education in rhetoric. Secondly, Archias was not just a Greek, but a Greek poet. Ciceros defense of Archias follows a two-pronged argument. Lord Broughams often-quoted pronouncement: Ciceros speech for Archias, which is exquisitely composed, but of which not more than one-sixth is to the purpose, could not have been delivered in a British court of Justice, On the nature of Archias relationship with these men see. In this regard C.s correct but unconnected observation on Ciceros avoidance of strict parallelism at the end of section 27 (sentence 2 on the note to togati iudices) strikes me as awkwardly formalistic (one wonders if Gotoffs analysis lurks in the background).3 Yet the immediately preceding comment (sentence 1) on Ciceros attempt to insert Archias into an esteemed line of Roman exempla both hits the mark and gives students food for thought. Historical Background of Cicero's Oration, "The Citizenship of Archias After this, Cicero goes on to declare that poets are divinely inspired, and hence sacred. In 62 Archias was prosecuted under this law. There is then a confirmatio ( 811), which consists of arguments based on the facts as given in the narratio. The extent of upper-class Roman prejudice regarding a mans place of origin is revealed by the fact that, in the year before Archias trial, Cicero himself had been described in the Senate by one patrician as animmigrant citizen (inquilinus civis, Sal. 10.7.19, based on this passage) and to produce written compositions. Without praise, he explains, men would have no incentive to perform great deeds (the point is repeated from 23). Cicero's defense of Archias follows a two-pronged argument. Du Bois, the influence of Cicero's Pro Archia Poeta on The Souls of Black Folk is one of the most important. It would have seemed entirely alien to Archias jury, who would have regarded it not just with the suspicion they directed at all intellectual subjects, but would have seen it as frivolous, effeminate, and even immoral. The argument reaches a climax at the beginning of 19: Sit igitur, iudices, sanctum apud vos, humanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen quod nulla umquam barbaria violavit. At the same time he is also alluding to the uniquely Roman custom whereby nobles kept wax masks (imagines) of their ancestors who had held curule office within the atria of their houses. First some nuts and bolts. This second part can be subdivided in several ways (MacKendrick identifies the decisive breaks), but for the most part the transitions are gradual and one point merges into the next. Such a characterization could not have been employed by Cicero unless the jury already held, or at least were disposed to hold, a similar view themselves. Great stress is laid, for example, on ita, sic, or tam preceding a result clause, or on the use of demonstrative pronouns to anticipate relative clauses, as in section 4: ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet. Pointing out such features crucially nudges students beyond the beginners tendency to atomize Latin into discrete, unconnected units and instead gets them to read longer sentences as coherent structures. Cicero was always aware of the importance of entertaining and amusing his audiences, and he won them over partly by providing them with passages they would derive pleasure from listening to. Cicero came to his former teacher's defense at his trial in 62 BC, only months after delivering the famous Catiline Orations. The transition is made by mentioning Archias (not referred to since 12, or named since 9) and marvelling at his ability both to improvise (cf. Chief among his enemies, and one who would stand to gain much by disgracing Lucullus was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, better known as Pompey the Great. Such silences are thoughtful exclusions rather than negligent omissions and should be considered among the editions cardinal virtues. of good disposition, large fortune, respect- III. It was no doubt publicly performed at Lucullus triumph in 63.11. Archiass defense was undertaken by a former pupil of his, the previous years Consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero. To begin with, he was a Syrian by birth, a Greek-speaker from the eastern edge of the Empire. Archias allows Cicero to remember and maintain the fact that literature is important. Clearly, then, in attempting to persuade a jury that Archias deserved to be a Roman citizen, Cicero faced an uphill struggle. One quibble: it seems odd that C. defines civitas only as citizenship in the vocabularies, although Cicero also employs civitas in the more familiar meaning city (C. gives this sense, however, in the note cum translation at the end of section 6). From the persuasive point of view, it is the second of these questions that is the more difficult, and therefore the more interesting. Cicero mentions three benefits of literature: literature provides refreshment for the spirit and repose for the senses; it provides Cicero with inspiration for his daily speeches and therefore strengthens his oratorical powers; and it contains moral lessons and provides examples to contemplate and to emulate. 4.5);25 Ciceros claim here is that works of literature, whether Greek or Latin, have the same salutary effect. In addition to the vocabulary at the back C. has chosen to provide a running vocabulary on the left-hand page, thus sparing pointless flipping through either this edition or a dictionary. Let us turn now to the digressio itself The structure of this passage is difficult to analyse. What he does, in fact, is to base his defence upon a positive, robust view of literature (as we shall see below), and in this strategy the style of his speech, as displayed initially in the exordium, plays an integral part. With typical rhetorical flourishes, Cicero asks the "cultivated audience and enlightened jury" 50 to allow this defense speech. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur. Inst. Cicero says, "he furnishes me with the means to refresh my mind after the noise of the Forum" (Document 5.4: Cicero, In Defense of Archias (62 B.C.E.). 1.13.6) by purchasing from Crassus a grand house on the Palatine overlooking the Forum. (Cic. It is for that reason that many noble Romans had a poet to write for them. The jury must be persuaded both that Archias is a Roman citizen and that he deserves to be one. He does, it is true, make an exception for the Greeks of Achaea, who could point to a more distinguished, if remote, past, and lived closer to Rome. A show of stylistic brilliance on Ciceros part will therefore reflect creditably on the man who taught him. Cicero cannot conceal or explain away Archias occupation, and so he has no choice but to make a virtue of it. He therefore declared himself before his friend the praetor Q. Metellus Pius and obtained Roman citizenship. There he said that he intended to prove first that Archias is a Roman citizen, and secondly that, were he not a citizen, he ought to be one. Pro Archia, then, is genuinely, all of it, an exercise in persuasion. The argument here runs as follows: (i) even if we are not interested in literature, we should admire those who have literary talent; we admired the talent of the actor Q. Roscius Gallus; (and equally we should admire that of Archias); (ii) we loved Roscius merely because of the movements of his body; we should therefore respond to the movements of (Archias) mind. Archias was not the sort of person that a Roman juror would necessarily have considered desirable as a member of the Roman citizen body. Such poetry was unfamiliar to most Romans, and had not yet been widely imitated in Latin. Yet beyond its simultaneous appeal both as and for belles-lettres the recent attention paid to this work as part of Ciceronian self-fashioning can lend sophistication and new direction to classroom discussions about the place of the Pro Archia in Ciceros public career and in Roman culture more generally.4 C. economically yet sufficiently highlights the works social and historical contexts. This is done in the briefest way possible: Cicero simply says that Greek is spoken virtually everywhere whereas Latin is not, and it is desirable that all the nations that Rome has conquered should be able to read of her glory. Metellus had died by the time of the trial, but Cicero talks in 26 of Metellus concern to have his achievements immortalized in verse, and it seems that Archias put his obligation to that family before his obligation to Cicero. Rome should therefore be grateful that Archias already belongs to her (the argument concludes in the same way as the argument from Homer at 19). Just as in the exordium he makes clear that this was an unusual speech compared to the tradition of trials. The two examples he mentions here are Alexander the Great and Pompey the Great ( 24); the comparison is highly complimentary to the latter. [3] Due to political unrest, Archias, while yet a mere youth, left Antioch and travelled around the major cities of Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy, in each of . [4], Last edited on 23 December 2022, at 13:40, "M. Tullius Cicero, For Archias, chapter 7", M. TVLLI CICERONIS PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Archia_Poeta&oldid=1129081531, There was no official enrollment record for Archias as a citizen of Heraclea, Archias did not maintain a permanent residence in Rome. 2 In this context, Cicero asserted that even lawyers lack a proper education, unless they possess a . The Luculli straight away received Archias into their house, although even at this time he was still of the age when the toga of boyhood is worn. But if Cicero had written a treatise on literature for an educated readership outside the courtroom, we can be certain it would have had little resemblance to the version which was offered to Archias jury. There could therefore be as many as six Archiases, and we have no way of knowing for certain which of the epigrams in the Greek Anthology are the work of our poet.5 Cicero tells us that Archias travelled to southern Italy (he was probably doing a round of festivals),6 and was granted honorary citizenship by some of the cities he visited. Archias was a Greek poet, a native of Antioch, who came to Rome in the train of Lucullus, when Cicero was a child. Obviously, it will take . Some time later, Archias accompanied M. Lucullus on a visit to Sicily, and on their return journey Lucullus arranged for him to be granted honorary citizenship at Heraclea in Lucania. (Watts translation[4]). Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Life of Archias. Quint. Cicero's 'Pro Archia Poeta' Arch. 3.15.6), and we have from Plutarch the attractive story of how Pompey and Cicero invited themselves round to Lucullus house for dinner, and how he tricked them into thinking that he dined on the most lavish scale even when eating alone (Luc. In this chapter I shall briefly review the historical circumstances of Archias trial, and then discuss the speech itself and some of the issues it raises, especially that of why the encomium of literature is included, and how it contributes to the defence. 115; Tusc. This argument, understood literally, does in fact have some validity. Consequently this passage, though it might formally be termed digressio, is, like other digressions in Ciceros speeches, central to the case. He does so by presenting poetry in a particular way likely to appeal to his audience. If this argument too is put another way, its weakness will be apparent:You may be surprised to hear me attributing my success in the courts to a poet rather than a rhetorician, but rhetoric is not the only subject I have studied, and in any case rhetoric and poetry are really the same sort of thing. The main value of this argument, however, is that it introduces the idea of thecommon bond (commune vinclum) by which Cicero claims all branches of culture are linked. D. 1.79), wrote a poem on Roscius (Div. After the Social War, citizenship was granted to the allies by the lex Iulia in 90, and this was followed in 89 by a further measure, the lex Plautia Papiria, which among other provisions extended the citizenship to honorary citizens of federate states not resident in those states but nevertheless resident in Italy, provided that they reported to one of the praetors at Rome within sixty days.10 As an honorary citizen of Heraclea, which had been allied to Rome since 278, and being long resident in Rome, Archias duly reported to the praetor Metellus Pius within the specified period. The notes are clear throughout and fruitfully employ the glossary explanations of key rhetorical features, such as chiasmus, hyperbaton, and hendiadys. It was, in short, beneath the consideration of a Roman. Aulus Licinius Archias | Greek poet | Britannica The chapter examines the style used by Cicero in Pro Archia and asks what it was about this particular case that led him to adopt such a style. 1.16.15), and will obviously have stopped short of Pompeys appointment. Callim. He asks the court to indulge him with a novum genus dicendi "new manner of speaking", similar to the style of a poet. Plutarch tells us that Cicero was a good friend of L. Lucullus (Luc. Now since I am not making this speech before an ignorant rabble or before some gathering of rustics I shall be a little more bold in discussing those cultural studies with which you and I are so familiar, and which we find so agreeable. After a brief hit at philosophers for their hypocrisy in writing their names on the books they have written, we are back with Roman generals once again: D. Junius Brutus Callaicus inscribed his monuments with poems by Accius, and M. Fulvius Nobilior dedicated his spoils of war to the Muses ( 26b27). Throughout the speech Cicero wishes to show that Archias is someone who is useful to society. I suggest that, on the contrary, Ciceros defence is wholly unaffected by the fact that he is speaking before his brother, and that the reference at the end of the speech is no more than a friendly nod to someone who, until this moment, he has had to treat exactly as he would any other praetor. Whether this reason or his desire to protect his old teacher weighed more heavily with him it would be foolish to speculate.14 A third reason not explicitly mentioned in the speech but quite clear from it is that Cicero wished to oblige the Luculli. In Pro Archia, then, it is partly in order to minimize the political element that Cicero places so much emphasis on literary questions. Etenim omnes artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent habent quoddam commune vinclum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. If Cicero had wished to be less ambiguous he could have said:When I was a child, Archias was my tutor in Greek poetry, and I benefited from his teaching. Here Cicero was confronted by a marked xenophobic and anti-intellectual prejudice, one with which he and his brother had no sympathy, but which was prevalent among the jury. The digressio, then, is not simply an instrument of persuasion, it is also an elegant essay that would have been as appealing to its original audience as it has been to readers down the ages. Nat. A large part of Archias output, and his entire output before he attracted Roman patronage, would doubtless have consisted of poems on typical Hellenistic themes (the epigrams in the Greek Anthology which may be his include erotic poems, dedications to a god, epitaphs, and poems on a work of art). 3. These great men would surely never have taken up the study of literature had it not been of help to them in attaining and practicing excellence. In the Fourth Verrine, for example, when he is dealing with Verres theft of art treasures, he affects to be unable to recall the name of the famous sculptor Polyclitus (Verr. It has been conjectured that it was Archias who first brought Meleagers Garland to Rome and thus introduced the Romans to Greek epigram: we have two Latin epigrams by Catulus, one of which is a translation of an epigram of Callimachus in the Greek Anthology, and the Garland appears also to have been imitated by other contemporary Roman poets (Gel. The third reason for the high stylistic level may be stated more briefly. Cicero describes that his personal connection to Archias is through his writings. If he has not, then the further argument is obviously required. (Cic. (III) For when first Archias grew out of childhood, and out of the studies of those arts by which young boys are gradually trained and refined, he devoted himself to the study of writing. Inst. 2. Themistocles is cited as an example, but then we have the surprising sentence ( 20):It was for the same reason that Marius was so fond of L. Plotius: he thought that his achievements could be made famous by Plotius talent (Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse celebrari). The head of the family, L. Licinius Lucullus, went into exile, probably in 102, after being convicted of misconduct in Sicily the previous year, but he had two teenage sons at home, Lucius and Marcus, and Archias no doubt assisted with their education. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. The Art of Citizenship: Roman Cultural Identity in Cicero's Pro Archia Pal. Persuasion of a different kind occurs in the next section ( 6): Erat temporibus illis iucundus Q. Metello illi Numidico et eius Pio filio, audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre et filio, a L. Crasso colebatur, Lucullos vero et Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficiebatur summo honore , Back in those days Archias was regarded with affection by the famous Q. Metellus Numidicus and his son Pius; his recitations were attended by M. Aemilius; he was constantly in the company of Q. Catulus and his son; his friendship was cultivated by L. Crassus; and as for the Luculli, Drusus, the Octavii, Cato, and the entire family of the Hortensii, he was on the closest terms with all of them and was treated by them with the greatest respect . In reality Archias, if he ever wore a toga at all, which is doubtful, would not have done so until 89, by which time he had been settled in Rome for thirteen years. With 259 selections made, the league's teams will soon begin figuring out how to fit all of these puzzle pieces together. Grattius, of course, has already delivered his speech, and has not asked such a question, but the question gives Cicero an excuse to embark upon his digression and, later, to parade Archias virtues. Again, in outlining the content of Platos Phaedo in Pro Scauro, he implies that he has not read the work, and adds, for the jurys benefit, that Plato was a great philosopher (Scaur. A Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2017 found similar patterns in firearm owners' stated reasons for owning a gun.. Around half of Americans (48%) see gun violence as a very big problem in the country today, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in April 2021. If I have any natural talent, members of the juryand I am aware how limited it is; or if I have any experience in public speakingin which I do not deny that I am moderately well practised; or if there is any technical skill in my oratory which has been derived from application and training in the liberal artsand I admit that I have never at any period of my life been averse to such training: if I do have any of these capabilities, then A. Licinius here is entitled almost as of right to be among the very first to claim from me the benefits which they may bring. PDF SPEECH IN DEFENCE OF AULUS LICINIUS ARCHIAS - PinkMonkey.com Polyb. Stripped to its essentials, the argument runs as follows:If I have any talent, experience in speaking, or technical skill in oratory derived from training in the liberal arts, then Archias has a strong claim on it. Cic. In both speeches Cicero encourages the jury to feel that they possess the cultural knowledge which will entitle them to pronounce on intellectual questions (and in both speeches he is extremely careful to place only minimal demands on that supposed cultural knowledge). A number of epigrams in the Greek Anthology appear under the name of Archias. W. M. Porter divides it into three parts, 1216 covering the benefits afforded by the study of poetry, 1719 covering the intrinsic virtues of poets, and 2030 covering the relationship of the poet and his poetry to the state. BMCR provides the opportunity to comment on reviews in order to enhance scholarly communication. In Pro Murena and Pro Caelio, for example, this is done with humour. Cicero boldly connects military success and regard for poets. Clearly Cicero is not thinking only of poetry at this point:scriptores et Graeci et Latini (the Greek and Latin writers) would apply equally to prose historiography or biography, genres which some members of the jury may personally have considered more valuable and worthwhile, or less reprehensible, than poetry. Manil. Saxa atque solitudines voci respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt; nos instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce moveamur?
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